tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68843696070225891452024-02-19T17:02:32.615-08:00The Last StoicThe Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.comBlogger319125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-76114297414632697932018-04-23T03:19:00.002-07:002018-04-23T03:19:33.364-07:00Dinosaurs and the gravity problem...<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/11555765/TA1print" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/imagenes_titulos/ciencia_dinosaurs01.gif" vspace="5" width="307" /></a><br />by <b>Ted Holden</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">THE ANOMALIST: 1<br />Summer 1994</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;">from <a href="http://www.scribd.com/" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">Scribd</span></a> Website</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Scientists delight in devising explanations for the great dinosaur extinctions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">But there are several questions which they have failed to even ask, much less tried to answer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Why, for instance, in all of the time claimed to have passed since the dinosaur extinctions, has nothing ever re-evolved to the sizes of the large dinosaurs?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">If such sizes worked for creatures which ruled the Earth for tens of millions of years, then why would not some species of elephant or rhinoceros have evolved to such a size again?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">What kinds of problems, if any, would sauropod sizes entail in our world as it is presently constituted?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Could it be that some aspect of our environment might have to be massively different for such creatures to exist at all?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">A careful study of the sizes of these antediluvian creatures, and what it would take to deal with such sizes in our world, has led me to believe that the super animals of Earth's past could not live in our present world at all.<br /><br />A look at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropod" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">sauropod dinosaurs</span></a> as we know them today requires that we relegate the brontosaur, once thought to be one of the largest sauropods, to welterweight or at most middleweight status. Fossils found in the 1970's now dwarf this creature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Both the brachiosaur and the supersaur were larger than the brontosaur, and the ultrasaur appears to have dwarfed them all.<sup>1</sup> The ultrasaur is now estimated to have weighed 180 tons.<sup>2</sup><br /><br />A comparison of dinosaur lifting requirements to human lifting capabilities is enlightening, though there might be objections to doing so. One objection that might be raised is that animal muscle tissue was somehow "better" than that of humans. This, however, is known not to be the case.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">According to <b>Knut Schmidt-Nielson</b>, author of <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Scaling-Why-Animal-Size-Important/dp/0521319870/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1267655214&sr=1-1" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">Scaling: Why is Animal Size So Important</span></a><span style="color: #0000dd;">?</span></i>, the maximum stress or force that can be exerted by any muscle is independent of body-size and is the same for mouse or elephant muscle.<sup>3</sup><br /><br />Another objection might be that sauropods were aquatic creatures. But nobody believes that anymore; they had no adaptation for aquatic life, their teeth show wear and tear which does not come from eating soft aquatic vegetation, and trackways show them walking on land with no difficulty.<br /><br />A final objection might be that dinosaurs were somehow more "efficient" than top human athletes. This, however, goes against all observed data. As creatures get bulkier, they become less efficient; the layers of thick muscle in limbs begin to get in each other's way and bind to some extent. For this reason, scaled lifts for the super-heavyweight athletes are somewhat lower than for, say, the 200-pound athletes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">By "scaled lift" I mean a lift record divided by the two-thirds power of the athlete's body weight.<br /><br />As creatures get larger, weight, which is proportional to volume, goes up in proportion to the cube of the increase in dimension. Strength, on the other hand, is known to be roughly proportional to the cross-section of muscle for any particular limb and goes up in proportion to the square of the increase in dimension. This is the familiar "square-cube" problem.<sup>4</sup><br /><br />Consider the case of <b>Bill Kazmaier</b>, the king of the power lifters in the 1970s and 1980s.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Power lifters are, in my estimation, the strongest of all athletes; they concentrate on the three most difficult total-body lifts, i.e. bench press, squat, and dead-lift. They work out many hours a day and, it is fairly common knowledge, use food to flavor their anabolic steroids. No animal the same weight as one of these men could be presumed to be as strong.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Kazmaier was able to do squats and dead lifts with weights between 1,000 and 1,100 pounds on a bar, assuming he was fully warmed up.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Standing Up at 70,000 pounds</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />Any animal has to be able to lift its own weight off the ground, i.e. stand up, with no more difficulty than Kazmaier experiences doing a 1,000-pound squat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Consider, however, what would happen to Mr. Kazmaier, were he to be scaled up to 70,000 pounds, the weight commonly given for the brontosaur. Kazmaier's maximum effort at standing, fully warmed up, assuming the 1,000 pound squat, was 1,340 pounds (1,000 pounds for the bar and 340 pounds for himself). The scaled maximum lift would be 47,558 pounds (the solution to: 1,340/340.667 = x/70,000.667).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Clearly, he would not be able to lift his weight off the ground!<br /><br />A sauropod dinosaur had four legs you might say; so what happens if Mr. Kazmaier uses arms and legs at 70,000 pounds? The truth is that the squat uses almost every muscle in the athlete's body very nearly to the limits, but in this case, it does not even matter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">A near maximum bench press effort for Mr. Kazmaier would fall around 600 pounds. This merely changes the 1,340 pounds to 1,940 pounds in the equation above, and the answer comes out as 68,853 pounds. Even using all muscles, some more than once, the strongest man who we know anything about would not be able to lift his own weight off the ground at 70,000 pounds.<br /><br />To believe then, that a brontosaur could stand at 70,000 pounds, one has to believe that a creature whose weight was mostly gut and the vast digestive mechanism involved in processing huge amounts of low-value foodstuffs was, somehow, stronger than an almost entirely muscular creature its size, far better trained and conditioned than any grazing animal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">That is not only ludicrous in the case of the brontosaur, but the calculations only become more absurd when you try to scale up to the supersaur and ultrasaur at their sizes.<br /><br />How heavy can an animal get to be in our world, then? How heavy would Mr. Kazmaier be at the point at which the square-cube problem made it as difficult for him to stand up as it is for him to do 1,000-pound squats at his present weight of 340 pounds?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The answer is 20,803 pounds (the solution to: 1,340/340.667 = x/x.667). In reality, elephants do not appear to get quite to that point.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Christopher McGowan</b>, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the <i>Royal Ontario Museum</i>, claims that a Toronto Zoo specimen was the largest in North America at 14,300 pounds,<sup>5</sup> and Smithsonian personnel once informed me that the gigantic bush elephant specimen which appears at their Museum of Natural History weighed around 8 tons.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><b><span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Sauropod Dinosaurs' Necks</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /><br />A study of the sauropod dinosaurs' long neck further underscores the problem these creatures would have living under current gravitational conditions. Scientists who study sauropod dinosaurs now claim that they held their heads low, because they could not have gotten blood to their brains had they held them high.<sup>6</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">McGowan mentions the fact that a giraffe's blood pressure - which at 200-to-300 mm Hg (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeters_of_mercury" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">millimeters of mercury</span></a>) is far higher than that of any other animal-would probably rupture the vascular system of any other animal. The giraffe's blood pressure is maintained by thick arterial walls and by a very tight skin that apparently acts like a jet pilot's pressure suit. A giraffe's head might reach to 20 feet.<br /><br />How a sauropod might have gotten blood to its brain at 50 or 60 feet is the real question.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"Gravity is a pervasive force in the environment and has dramatically shaped the evolution of plants and animals," notes <b>Harvey Lillywhite</b>, a zoologist at the University of Florida at Gainesville.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">As some land animals evolved large body sizes,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"cardiovascular specializations were needed to help them withstand the weight of blood in long vertical vessels. Perhaps nowhere in the history of life were these challenges greater than among the gigantic, long-necked sauropods"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">For a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barosaurus" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">Barosaurus</span></a> to hold its head high, Lillywhite has calculated that its heart,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"must have generated pressures at least six times greater than those of humans and three to four times greater than those of giraffes." <sup>7</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Faced with the same dilemma, University of Pennsylvania geologist <b>Peter Dodson</b> remarked that while the Brachiosaurus was built like a giraffe and may have fed like one, most sauropods were built quite differently.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"At the base of the neck," Dodson writes, "a sauropod's vertebral spines, unlike those of a giraffe, were weak and low and did not provide leverage for the muscles required to elevate the head in a high position.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Furthermore, the blood pressure required to pump blood up to the brain, thirty or more feet in the air, would have placed extraordinary demands on the heart and would seemingly have placed the animal at severe risk of a stroke, an aneurysm, or some other circulatory disaster." <sup>8</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Within recorded history, Central Asians have tried to breed hunting eagles for size and strength, and have not gotten beyond 25 pounds or thereabouts. Even at that weight they are able to take off only with the greatest difficulty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Something was vastly different in the pre-flood world.<br /><br />The only way to keep the required blood pressure "reasonable," Dodson goes on to add,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">One problem with this solution is that the good leaves were, in all likelihood, above the 20-foot mark; an ultrasaur that could not raise its head above 20 feet would probably starve.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Dodson, it should also be noted, entirely neglects the dilemma of the brachiosaur. And there is another problem, which is worse. Try holding your arm out horizontally for even a few minutes, and then imagine your arm being 40 feet long.<br /><br />Given a scale model and a weight figure for the entire dinosaur, it is possible to use volume-based techniques to estimate weight for a sauropod's neck. An ultrasaur is generally thought to be a near cousin - if not simply a very large specimen - of the brachiosaur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The technique, then, is to measure the volume of water which the sauropod's neck (severed at the shoulders and filled with <i>bondo</i> or <i>auto-body putty</i>) displaces, versus the volume which the entire brachiosaur displaces, and simply extrapolate to the 360,000-pound figure for the ultrasaur. I did this using a Larami Corporation model of a brachiosaur, which is to scale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">To make a long story short, the neck weighs 28,656 pounds, and the center of gravity of that neck is 15 feet from the shoulders, the neck itself being 38 feet long.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">This equates to 429,850 foot-pounds of torque.<br /><br />If we assume the sauropod could lift its head at least as easily as a human with an 18-inch neck can move his head against a neck-exercise machine set to 130 pounds, then the sauropod would require the muscular strength of a neck 17.4 feet in diameter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">With a more reasonable assumption of effort, equivalent to the human using a 50-pound setting, the sauropod would require a neck of over 20 feet in diameter. But the sauropod's neck, at its widest, apparently measured about ten feet by seven feet where it joined the shoulders, then narrowed rapidly to about six or seven feet in diameter over the remainder of its length.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">McGowan and others claim that the head and neck were supported by a dorsal ligament and not muscles, but we know of no living creature using ligaments to support a body structure which its available musculature cannot sustain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In all likelihood, sauropods, in our gravity at least, could neither hold their heads up nor out.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><b><span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Antediluvian Flying Creatures</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />The large flying creatures of the past would also have had difficulties in our present-day gravity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In the antediluvian world, 350-pound flying creatures soared in skies which no longer permit flying creatures above 30 pounds or so. Modern birds of prey, like the<i>Argentinian teratorn</i>, weighing 170 to 200 pounds, with 30-foot wingspans, also flew. Within recorded history, Central Asians have been trying to breed hunting eagles for size and strength, and have not gotten them beyond 25 pounds or thereabouts. Even at that weight they are able to take off only with the greatest difficulty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Something was vastly different in the pre-flood world.<br /><br />Nothing much larger than 30 pounds or so flies anymore, and those creatures, albatrosses and a few of the largest condors and eagles, are marginal. Albatrosses, notably, are called "goonie birds" by sailors because of the extreme difficulty they experience taking off and landing, their landings being badly controlled crashes, and this despite long wings made for maximum lift.<br /><br />In remote times, the felt effect of the force of gravity on Earth must have been much less for such giant creatures to be able to fly. No flying creature has since re-evolved into anything of such size, and the one or two birds that have retained this size have forfeited flight, their wings becoming vestigial.<br /><br /><b>Adrian Desmond</b>, in his book <i>The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs</i>, has a good deal to say about some of the problems the Pteranodon faced at just 40-to-50 pounds. Scientists once thought this pterosaur was the largest creature that ever flew.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The bird's great size and negligible weight must have made for a rather fragile creature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"It is easy to imagine that the paper-thin tubular bones supporting the gigantic wings would have made landing dangerous," writes Desmond.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"How could the creature have alighted without shattering all of its bones? How could it have taken off in the first place? It was obviously unable to flap 12-foot wings strung between straw-thin tubes. Many larger birds have to achieve a certain speed by running and flapping before they can take off and others have to produce a wing beat speed approaching hovering in order to rise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">To achieve hovering with a 23-foot wingspread, Pteranodon would have required 220 pounds of flight muscles as efficient as those in humming birds. But it had reduced its musculature to about 8 pounds, so it is inconceivable that Pteranodon could have taken off actively."<sup> 9</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteranodon" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">the Pteranodon</span></a> could not flap its wings, the only flying it could ever do, Desmond concludes, was as a glider.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">It was, he says,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"the most advanced glider the animal kingdom has produced."<sup>10</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Desmond notes a fairly reasonably modus operandi for the Pteranodon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Not only did the bird have a throat pouch like a pelican but its remains were found with fish fossils, which seems to suggest a pelican-like existence, soaring over the waves and snapping up fish without landing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">If so, then the Pteranodon should have been practically immune from the great extinctions of past ages. Large animals would have the greatest difficulty getting to high ground and other safe havens at times of floods and other global catastrophes. But high places safe from flooding were always there, oceans were always there, and fish were always there.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The Pteranodon's way of life should have been impervious to all mishap.<br /><br />There is one other problem. The Pteranodon was not the largest bird.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratorn" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">giant Teratorn</span></a> finds of Argentina were not known when Desmond's book was written. News of this bird's existence first appeared in the 1980s. The Terotorn was a 160-to-200 pound eagle with a 27-foot wingspan, a modern bird whose existence involved, among other things, flapping wings and aerial maneuvers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">But how so? How could it even have flown?<br /><br />How large can an animal be and still fly?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"With each increase in size, and therefore also weight," writes Desmond, "a flying animal needs a concomitant increase in power (to beat the wings in a flapper and to hold and maneuver them in a glider), but power is supplied by muscles which themselves add still more weight to the structure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The larger a flyer becomes the disproportionately weightier it grows by the addition of its own power supply. There comes a point when the weight is just too great to permit the machine to remain airborne. Calculations bearing on size and power suggested that the maximum weight that a flying vertebrate can attain is about 50 pounds..."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">It is for this reason that scientists believed Pteranodon and its slightly larger but lesser known Jordanian ally Titanopteryx were the largest flying animals of all time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The experience from our present world coincides well with this and, in fact, don't go quite that high. The biggest flying creatures which we actually see are albatrosses, geese, and the like, at 30 to 35 pounds.<br /><br />The Pteranodon's reign as the largest flying creature of all time actually fell in the early 1970s when <b>Douglas Lawson</b> of the University of California found partial skeletons of three ultra-large pterosaurs in <i>Big Bend National Park in Texas</i>. This discovery forced scientists to rethink their ideas on the maximum size permissible in flying vertebrates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The immense size of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">Big Bend</span></a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaurs" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">pterosaurs</span></a></i> may be gauged by noting that the humerus or upper arm bones of these creatures is fully twice the length of Pteranodon's. Lawson estimated the wingspan for this living glider at over fifty feet.<br /><br />The Big Bend pterosaurs were not fishers. Their remains were found in rocks that were formed some 250 miles inland and nowhere near any lake deposits. This led Lawson to suggest that these birds were carrion feeders, gorging themselves on rotting mounds of dismembered dinosaur flesh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">But this hypothesis raised numerous questions in author Desmond's mind.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"How they could have taken to the air after gorging themselves is something of a puzzle," he wonders.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"Wings of such an extraordinary size could not have been flapped when the animal was grounded. Since the pterosaurs were unable to run in order to launch themselves they must have taken off vertically.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Pigeons are only able to take-off vertically by reclining their bodies and clapping the wings in front of them; as flappers, the Texas pterosaurs would have needed very tall stilt-like legs to raise the body enough to allow the 24-foot wings to clear the ground.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The main objection, however, still rests in <i>the lack of adequate musculature</i> for such an operation."<sup>12</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The only solution seems to be that they lifted passively off the ground by the wind. But this situation, notes Desmond, would leave these ungainly Brobdignagian pterosaurs vulnerable to attack when grounded.<br /><br />While Desmond mentions a number of ancillary problems here, any of which would throw doubt on the pterosaur's ability to exist as mentioned, he neglects the biggest question of all: the calculations that say 50 pounds are the maximum weight have not been shown to be in error; we have simply discovered larger creatures. Much larger.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">This is what is called a <i>dilemma</i>.<br /><br />Those who had estimated a large wingspan for the <i>Big Bend bird</i> were immediately attacked by aeronautical engineers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">"Such dimensions broke all the rules of flight engineering," wrote Colorado paleontologist <u>Robert T. Bakker</u>, in <i>The Dinosaur Heresies</i>, "a creature that large would have broken its arm bones if it tried to fly..."<sup>13</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Subsequently, the proponents of a large wingspan were forced to back off somewhat, since the complete wing bones had not been discovered.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">But <b>Bakker</b> believes these pterosaurs really did have wingspans of over 60 feet and that they simply flew despite our not comprehending how. The problem is ours, he says, and he proposes no solution.<br /><br />So much for the idea of anything re-evolving into the sizes of the flying creatures of the antediluvian world. What about the possibility of man breeding something like a Teratorn? Could man actively breed even a 50-pound eagle?<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle#Falconry" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">Berkuts</span></a> are the biggest of eagles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">And Atlanta, an eagle that <b>Sam Barnes</b>, one of England's top falconers in the 1970s, brought back to Wales from Kirghiz, Russia, is, at 26 pounds in flying trim, as large as they ever get.<sup>14</sup> These eagles have been bred specifically for size and ferocity for many centuries. They are the most prized of all possessions amongst nomads, and are the imperial hunting bird of the Turko-Mongol peoples.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The only reason Barnes was allowed to bring her back is that Atlanta had a disease for which no cure was available in Kirghiz and was near to death. A Berkut of Atlanta's size, Barnes was told, would normally be worth more than a dozen of the most beautiful women in Kirghiz.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Berlin Sans FB; font-size: x-small;">Elephants are simply too heavy to run in our world. The best they can manage is a kind of a fast walk. Mammoths were as big and bigger than the largest elephants, however, and Pleistocene art clearly shows them galloping.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />The killing powers of a big eagle are out of proportion to its size. Berkuts are normally flown at wolves, deer, and other large prey. Barnes witnessed Atlanta killing a deer in Kirghiz, and was told that she had killed a black wolf a season earlier. Mongols and other nomads raise sheep and goats, and obviously have no love for wolves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">A wolf might be little more than a day at the office for Atlanta with her 11-inch talons, however, a wolf is a big deal for an average-sized Berkut at 15-to-20 pounds. Obviously, there would be an advantage to having the birds be bigger, i.e. to having the average Berkut weigh 25 pounds, and for a large one to weigh 40-to-50 pounds. It has never been done, however, despite all the efforts and funds poured into the enterprise since the days of Genghis Khan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The breeding of Berkuts has continued apace from that day to this, but the Berkuts have still not gotten any bigger than 25 pounds or so.<sup>15</sup><br /><br />It is worth recalling here the difficulty which increasingly larger birds experience in getting airborne from flat ground. Atlanta was powerful enough in flight, but she was not easily able to take off from flat ground. This could spell disaster in the wild. A bird of prey will often land with prey, and if take-off from flat ground to avoid trouble is not possible, the bird's life becomes imperiled.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">A bird bigger than Atlanta with her 10-foot wingspan, like a Teratorn with a 27-foot wingspan and weighing 170 pounds, would simply not Survive.<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Assorted Other Evidence</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /><br />There are other categories of evidence, derived from a careful analysis of antediluvian predators, to show that gravitational conditions in the distant past were not the same as they are today.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">It is well known, for example, that elephant-sized animals cannot sustain falls, and that elephants spend their entire lives avoiding them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">For an elephant, the slightest tumble can break bones and/or destroy enough tissue to prove fatal. Predators, however, live by tackling and tumbling with prey. One might think that this consideration would preclude the existence of any predator too large to sustain falls. Weight estimates for the tyrannosaurs, however, include specimens heavier than any elephant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">That appears to be a contradiction.<br /><br />Moreover, elephants are simply too heavy to run in our world. As is well known, they manage a kind of a fast walk. They cannot jump, and anything resembling a gully stops them cold. Mammoths were as big and bigger than the largest elephants, however, and Pleistocene art clearly shows them galloping.<br /><br />Finally, there is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">the Utahraptor</span></a>. Recently found in Utah, this creature is a 20-foot, 1,500-pound version of a Velociraptor.<sup>16</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The creature apparently ran on the balls of its two hind feet, on two toes in fact, the third toe carrying a 12-inch claw for disemboweling prey. This suggests a very active lifestyle. Very few predators appear to be built for attacking prey notably larger than themselves; the Utahraptor appears to be such a case.<br /><br />In our world, of course, 1,500-pound toe dancers do not exist. The only example we have of a 1,500-pound land predator is the Kodiak bear, the lumbering gait and mannerisms of which are familiar to us all.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">And so, over and over again, this same kind of dilemma-things which cannot happen in our world having been the norm in the antediluvian world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><b><span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">An Explanation Ventured</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br />The laws of physics do not change, nor does the gravitational constant, as far as we know.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">But something was obviously massively different in the world in which these creatures existed, and that difference probably involved <i>a change in perceived gravity</i>. This solution derives from the continuing research of neo-catastrophists, that is, followers of the late <b><a href="https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_autor_velikovsky.htm" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">Immanuel Velikovsky</span></a></b>, and is known as the "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Saturn-Myth-Reinterpretation-Illuminating-Primordial/dp/0385113765/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1267656269&sr=8-1" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">Saturn Myth</span></a>" theory.<sup>17</sup><br /><br />The basic requirement for an attenuated perception of gravity involves the Earth being in a very close orbit around a smaller and much cooler stellar body (or binary body) than our present Sun. One pole would always be pointed directly at this nearby small star or binary system. The intense gravitational attraction would pull the Earth into an egg shape rather than its present spherical shape, so that the planet's center of gravity would be off center towards the small star.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">This would generate the torque necessary to counteract the natural gyroscopic force and keep the Earth's pole pointed in the same direction as it revolved around the star.<br /><br />The consequences of this intense gravitational pull would be dramatic. It would allow, first of all, for gigantic animals like the dinosaurs (just as any change in gravity to the present situation would likely cause their demise). It would also tend to draw all of the Earth's land mass into a single supercontinent (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">Pangea</span></a>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Why else, after all, should the Earth's continental masses have amassed in one place?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">And finally, with the Earth's pole pointed straight at this star or binary system, there would be no seasons. All literature of the distant past points out that the seasons did not appear until <i>after the flood.</i><br />The state of the present solar system indicates that this previous system was eventually captured by a larger star, our present Sun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">But the pieces of this old system have not vanished. The influential small star or binary system of the past remains, though its reign of power has ended. The star or stars are <i>Jupiter and Saturn</i>, the next largest objects to the Sun in our present system.<br /><br />It is instructive that the ancients worshiped Jupiter and Saturn as the two chieftain gods in all of the antique religious systems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">If the present solar system was present in the distant past, one would expect primitive peoples to have worshiped the most visible of the astral bodies:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_ciencia_sol.htm" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">the Sun</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_luna.htm" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">the Moon</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Venus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">There is no conceivable reason they would worship as gods two planets which most people cannot even find in the night sky - unless, of course, <i>these bodies occupied a far more prominent place in the heavens than they do today.<br /><br /> </i></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Notes</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1. David Lambert and the Diagram Group Staff, Field Guide to Dinosaurs: The First Complete Guide to Every Dinosaur Now Known, New York, 1983, p. 118.<br />2. Christopher McGowan, Dinosaurs, Spitfires & Sea Dragons, Cambridge, 1991, p. 118.<br />3. Knut Schmidt-Nielson, Scaling, Why is Animal Size So Important?, Cambridge, 1984, page 163."It appears that the maximum force or stress that can be exerted by any muscle is inherent in the structure of the muscle filaments. The maximum force is roughly a 3 to 4 kgf/cm2 cross-section of muscle (300-400 kN/m2). This force is body-size independent and is the same for mouse and elephant muscle. The reason for this uniformity is that the dimensions of the thick and thin muscle filaments, and also the number of cross-bridges between them are the same. In fact the structure of mouse muscle and elephant muscle is so similar that a microscopist would have difficulty identifying them except for a larger number of mitochondria in the smaller animal. This uniformity in maximum force holds not only for higher vertebrates, but for many other organisms, including at least some, but not all invertebrates."<br />4. The normal inverse operator for this is to simply divide by 2/3 power of body weight, and this is indeed the normal scaling factor for all weight lifting events, i.e. it lets us tell if a 200-pound athlete has actually done a "better" lift than the champion of the 180-pound group. For athletes roughly between 160 and 220 pounds, i.e., whose bodies are fairly similar, these scaled lift numbers line up very nicely. It is then fairly easily seen that a lift for a scaled up version of one particular athlete can be computed via this formula, since the similarity will be perfect, scaling being the only difference.<br />5. McGowan, op. cit,. p. 97.<br />6. Ibid., pp. 101 -120.<br />7. Harvey B. Lillywhite, "Sauropods and Gravity", Natural History, December, 1991, p. 33."...in a Barosaurus with its head held high, the heart had to work against a gravitational pressure of about 590 mm of mercury (Hg). In order for the heart to eject blood into the arteries of the neck, its pressure must exceed that of the blood pushing against the opposite side of the outflow valve. Moreover, some additional pressure would have been needed to overcome the resistance of smaller vessels within the head for blood flow to meet the requirements of brain and facial tissues."<br />8. Peter Dodson, "Lifestyles of the Huge and Famous," Natural History, December, 1991, p.32.<br />9. Adrian J. Desmond, The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs: A Revolution in Paleontology, New York, 1976, p. 178.<br />10. Ibid, p. 178.<br />11. Ibid, p. 182.<br />12. Ibid, pp. 182-183.<br />13. Robert T. Bakker, The Dinosaur Heresies, New York, 1986, pp. 290-291.<br />14. David Bruce, Bird of Jove, New York, 1971.<br />15. Ibid.<br />16. Tim Folger, "The Killing Machine," Discover, January, 1993, p.48<br />17. David Talbott, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Saturn-Myth-Reinterpretation-Illuminating-Primordial/dp/0385113765/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1267656269&sr=8-1" style="color: #ffaa00;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0000dd;">The Saturn Myth</span></a>, New York, 1980.</span></div>
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<tr><td align="center"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_autor_velikovsky.htm#Additional_Information" style="color: #ffaa00; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: red;">Return to Immanuel Velikovsky</span></a></span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td align="center"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sumer_anunnaki/reptiles/reptiles.htm#Additional_Information" style="color: #ffaa00; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: red;">Return to The Occult Reptilian Saga</span></a></span></b></td></tr>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-80869036085682846822017-04-26T02:56:00.002-07:002017-06-29T15:25:57.309-07:00The Dangerousness of Mercury Vapor <center>
<b>The Dangerousness of Mercury Vapor</b><br />By Alfred Stock, Berlin-Dahlem<br />Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fuer Chemie<br />(Eingeg. Febr. 9, 1926)<br />Translated by Birgit Calhoun</center>
<br />
When I am making the decision to report without hesitation to a wider circle about my personal problems, which ordinarily wouldn't concern others and would not be worthy of publication, I am driven by the intense desire to warn emphatically all those who have to deal with metallic mercury about the dangers of this unstable metal, and to save them from the horrible experiences which have spoiled a great part of my life. Today I can speak about them freely because luckily they have been concluded, and they are behind me with sufficient distance.<br />
The insidious horror of mercury is not nearly sufficiently well known and is being taken note of too little in those places where one is particularly threatened by it, in chemical and physical laboratories.<br />
For nearly 25 years I have suffered from ailments, which, in the beginning, arose only occasionally, then gradually got worse and worse and finally increased to unbearable proportions so that I disparingly doubted my ability to continue to work scientifically. The cause was understood neither by me nor many outstanding physicians. They thought that it was possible that it could be found in the especially narrow built of the nasal passages and an unusual irritability of the nasal mucosa. Because of this, I underwent decades of treatments of the nose with cauterizations, burnings, massages, electrification, and bloody operations. Without success. Two years ago--a few of my colleagues fell ill with similar symptoms--it was accidentally discovered that it had to do with an insidious poisoning by mercury vapor. In my chemical work, which involves testing of volatile substances by the "vacuum method," which uses mercury-tubs, -pumps, -manometers, and -valves<sup>1)</sup>, I had been in constant contact with mercury for 25 years.<br />
Today there is no doubt about the diagnosis any more because all my symptoms, although not gone completely, have more or less been diminished<sup>2)</sup>, after having avoided inhaling mercury vapors for the last two years without the use of any other healing methods.<br />
First I am describing the difficulties as they developed in me over time. They are identical to an insidious mercury poisoning in every detail. I was able to convince myself of this through my colleagues and other peers, who suffered and still suffer from mercury vapor poisoning. Some of them, it is noted, were not cognizant of the origin of their difficulties. Many pertinent symptoms have, up to now, been insufficiently described. At any rate, insidious mercury vapor poisoning has not received the attention it deserves.<br />
With me the situation began with slight intermittent headaches and mild drowsiness, which increased gradually, over the years, to constant nervous restlessness and "jitteriness." Head-pressure impaired the ability to think. It worsened and finally became an almost uninterrupted vexing headache (sits mostly over the eyes). I had strong vertigo, which was occasionally connected with visual disturbances (unclear and double vision). Soon the upper air passages were involved as well. This started with a slight transient nose cold. This was followed by a constant "stuffy nose," which later turned into severe nose, throat and sinus infections. They were followed, one by one, almost without interruption, by pussy, often bloody, mucosal discharge and scabbing, frequent sore throats and ear aches connected to auditory loss and loss of smell (some sense of smell remained; e.g. cyanic acid). There was a distaste for tobacco smoke. During the last years prior to recognition of the poisoning, there were added signs: a strong flow of saliva, a sour, insipid taste in the mouth, infections of the eyes and oral mucosa. There were little blisters, sensitive and sore areas on the tongue, the palate, the gums and the insides of the lips and cheeks. There was reddening of the gums and slight bleeding while brushing the teeth. There were toothaches, receding of the gums and formation of "pockets" and temporary loosening of individual teeth. The mouth and tooth signs revealed themselves only (in part they only reached their peak months after recognition of the poisoning) because, since my youth, I have been taking good care of my teeth (among other things nightly long rinses with 1 and 1/2% hydrogen peroxyde solution and sodium bicarbonate). If this hadn't been the case, I might possibly have become aware of the cause of my problems through mouth infections.<br />
Other signs were: Mental weariness and exhaustion, lack of inclination and inability to perform any, particularly mental, work, and increased need for sleep. There were tremors of the spread-out fingers and also sometimes the eyelids. There was pain in various locations of the body, tearing in the back and limbs, and pressure in the liver area. At times, there were disturbances of stomach and intestinal activity, loss of appetite, sudden bladder pressure, isolated bouts of diarrhea, which occurred without other possible causes. There were sudden blistery rashes, e.g. on the insides of the arms and thighs.<br />
The most depressing accompanying sign relating to mental work was the diminshment of memory. My memory, which had previously been excellent, left more and more to be desired and became worse and worse until, two years ago, I suffered from nearly complete memory loss.<br />
Only with the help of extensive notes and great effort was I able to put together a scientific paper or deliver a lecture. I forgot the telephone number on the way from the telephone book to the telephone. I forgot everything that I had once learned by heart. I forgot the content of the book or theater play I had just read or seen as well as my own work, which had been published. It was impossible for me to remember numbers and names. Often even the names of good acquaintances were lost. Specifically, I lost the ability for arithmetic and mathematical figuring. Also my chess playing ability suffered. The impairment of memory, particularly that of people memory and the worsening ability to do arithmetic, seem to be signs peculiar to insidious mercury vapor poisoning. This showed itself in blatant form in my co-workers and other people whom I got to know who had been under the influence of mercury for a longer period of time. Soon after all of us in the laboratory had found out what was wrong with us, we sat down together to put down on paper a completed piece of work where we had to do a lot of mathematics. None of us was able to add up columns of ten to twenty multi-digit numbers without making mistakes.<br />
While my physical ability, e.g. mountain climbing, did not seem to have been weakened, the ability to work mentally suffered a little, although not in as devastating a fashion as had been the case with memory. Added to that were depression, and a vexing inner restlessness, which later also caused restless sleep. By nature companionable and loving life, I withdrew moodily into myself, shied away from the public, stayed away from people and social activity, and unlearned the joy in art and nature. Humor became rusty. Obstacles, which formerly I would have overlooked smilingly (and am overlooking again today), seemed insurmountable. Scientific work caused great effort. I forced myself to go to the laboratory without being able to get anything useful accomplished in spite of all efforts. Thought came laboriously and pedantically. I had to deny myself working on solutions to questions beyond the nearest tasks at hand. The lecture that used to be a pleasure became a torture. The preparations for a lecture, the writing of a dissertation, or merely a simple letter caused unending effort in styling the material and wrestling with the language. Not seldom did it happen that I misspelled words or left out letters. It was not nice to be aware of these shortcomings, not to know their cause, not to know a way to their elimination, and to have to fear further deterioration.<br />
All attempts to improve the situation went awry. Staying in the mountains for many weeks did not help. I felt hardly less ill than in Berlin. The nose treatments and operations sometimes brought short-lived, yet never lasting relief. It was peculiar that all mental difficulties disappeared for hours when the physician treated certain areas of the mucosa of the upper nose with cocaine. When the right spot was hit, headache and vertigo disappeared sometimes in a few minutes; memory, inclination to work, and good mood reappeared, but, sadly, only as fleeting guests. Sometimes I made use of this possibility to call them up before a lecture, an important meeting etc.<br />
As already indicated, my colleagues in the laboratory, my assistants, doctorants [PhD Candidates], and female lab workers had already suffered for some time from all kinds of problems: Fatigue without recognizable cause, worsened memory, mild headaches and drowsiness, occasional digestive disturbances, limb aches, slight mouth inflammation, nose colds [runny nose], sinusitis etc. The difficulties expressed themselves differently from person to person, whereby they came to light foremost in the areas of lowest resistance. All of them showed fatigue and diminished ability to perform mental tasks [work]. But nobody had the idea that the cause of it could be the same for all of us. Only the convergence of several lucky/unlucky circumstances finally opened our eyes.<br />
In 1921, out of frugality, we had switched off the much more expensive power consuming electrical ventilation system of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute for Chemistry. Since the middle of 1923, two of my colleagues, an assistant and a Spanish guest, were working on gas density measurements, which required maintaining a constant temperature, and for this reason kept the windows and doors closed if possible. The work had to be done by the spring of 1924 because my assistant wanted to go into industry, and the Spanish colleague wanted to return home. The work was performed hastily so that our ordinarily scrupulous cleanliness suffered in every room. Spilled mercury remained unattended, and much of it lay under tripods, in cracks and slits between the floor boards and on tables. Thus the conditions presented themselves that, instead of the slow insidious mercury poisoning, the more easily recognizable acute mercury poisoning became apparent. The assistant fell ill more seriously, not only with headaches, mental fatigue etc., but also with stronger bodily deterioration; with tooth abscesses and such. His brother, a physician, suspected that the symptom complex pointed to mercury poisoning. The experienced poison researcher L. Lewin [Louis Lewin, 1850-1929] whom we consulted checked out all laboratory personnel and declared that, based on his experience, he was certain that all of us were suffering from mercury poisoning. Indeed the test showed (according to the procedure described in the following memorandum) mercury in the air of the workrooms as well as in the urine of all involved. The mercury content of the air in the individual rooms was quite varied: Depending on the results of the specimens it showed thousandth or hundredth of mg, i.e. only a small fraction of what the air under saturation with mercury vapor can accomodate. At room temperature, taking .001 mm mercury saturation pressure as its base value, this figures to be about 12 mg per cubic meter. Since man breathes in about 1/2 cubic meter air per hour, and the inhaled mercury apparently<sup>3)</sup> is retained for the most part in the lungs, it would require a very extended period of time in mercury saturated air to suffer from acute mercury poisoning. However it takes a long time after inhaling mercury containing air before the poisoning becomes obvious. For one or more years the signs may be limited to fatigue and slow diminuition of mental performance and memory. Thus the already mentioned Spanish colleague, for example, showed outward signs of inflammation of the oral cavity only at the very end of the year he stayed in our laboratory. The symptoms reached their climax months after he had left us, and after he was removed from the influence of mercury. He had noticed the mental effects much earlier without being able to explain the cause. "For me, it was," he said, "as if I was getting dumber and dumber in Germany." And I had to make similar observations with my remaining co-workers. Thus all my PhD candidates had difficulty withstanding the rigors of the doctor's exams. The PhD candidates and assistants recovered after a few years, once they had left the laboratory without being aware of the mercury poisoning. As for me, the effects of the minute amounts of mercury increased over the course of decades as described in the following narrative.<br />
Particularly significant for insidious mercury poisoning is a noticeable coming and going of symptoms. Following a few days or weeks of improved well-being comes, sometimes setting in suddenly, a time of increased ill health. This also happens in the form of frequent relapses during the recovery period. As soon as my illness had reached its pinnacle, there were, as a rule, one or two tolerable days. Then the saliva flow, runny nose, and sinusitis, starting from the nose down to the throat and sliding down to the bronchi, increased again. There were tooth inflammations, highest fatigability and drowsiness, vexing headache, often also tearing and diarrhea. Headache, drowsiness and memory loss are connected to the irritation of the nerves leading to the upper part of the nose seen in the already mentioned effect of cocaine application on the nasal mucosa.<br />
Apparently there are many similarities between insidious mercury poisoning and the better known lead poisoning. The [latter] is more thoroughly researched because it happens more often in industry. It, too, concerns mainly the nervous system and shows the same waxing and waning of the symptom complex<sup>4)</sup>. "After a period of health the poison can suddenly, without cause, display its effects again by evoking an attack of lead colic or other symptoms. This phenomenon can only be explained by the poison having been encapsulated for a long time in a place in the body to which, suddenly, the circulation has access again..."<sup>5)</sup>. According to F. Schuetz and H. Bernhardt<sup>6)</sup> lead deposits itself preferably in the spleen, gall bladder, and brain, and is primarily excreted with the bile, possibly also through the colon wall. The kidneys, in this case, are less involved in the acute and chronic course of poisoning. Mercury seems to act similarly. After one year of excluding mercury as the cause of mercury poisoning, it could not be detected in my urine, in spite of the fact that there were still very strong signs of illness. The saliva, however, still contained mercury<sup>7)</sup>.<br />
After we had recognized the source of our illness, our first worry was how to protect ourselves from mercury in the future. The first thing, of course, was to remove carefully everything on tables, in drawers, slits, cracks and joints, and under damaged areas of the linoleum flooring, whereby a modified "vacuum cleaner" (consisting of suction connection, suction bottle with a long rubber hose in front of which was attached a cut-burner type widened glass nozzle) served us well. We had the linoleum repaired. All cracks in the work tables were eliminated. The dangerous corners between floors and the so-called scrub molding were rounded off (putty, painted with oil paint) so that they were more easily accessible for cleaning. Wherever tripods stood for a longer period of time, the joints between tripod and table tops were also closed off with putty. All open mercury surfaces on tubs, manometer holders etc. were covered as completely as possible with fit-cut cellon plates. We avoided eating in the work rooms or saving food and took especially good care cleaning our hands (particularly brushing our finger nails) after handling mercury. We also paid good attention so that no mercury fell into pockets and folds of the work coats. Moreover we gave full attention to the airing out of the work rooms by testing the success with air analyses (Compare the following memorandum). It was soon apparent that the reinstallation of the strong house ventilation system (very strong ventilators in the attic suck the air out through hoods; fresh air enters from channels through flaps above the doors) was not nearly sufficient enough to make the air mercury free. The situation in our laboratory is inopportune in that we are working with particularly many mercury apparatuses whereby open mercury surfaces and occasional sprinkling of mercury is not altogether avoidable. An added factor is that the work rooms in the very modern and well-built and furnished Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Chemistry are so large (several hundred cubic meters air space) that the air does not get renewed fast enough by the ventilation system. In this regard smaller rooms may be advantageous because, naturally, the same ventilation works better and causes faster replacement of the air<sup>8)</sup>. Sufficiently airing ventilation, in this case, as it turned out, is obtainable only through constantly opening windows and creating a draft (regulated by temperature, windspeed, and -direction). At the same time the ventilation system is at work. Because it rests at night, the laboratory is being supplied with fesh air through opening the windows wide. This measure is repeated at noon. Thus we have succeded in keeping the laboratory air so clean that traces are detectable only in small quantities, and we can continue working with our mercury apparatuses without having to fear new health problems.<br />
Whenever one deals with mercury one should devote great care to the testing and cleanliness of the air. One should check the airstream situation in the work space<sup>9)</sup>and provide for as much fresh air as possible. It goes without saying that all work with mercury, if at all possible, should be performed under hoods<sup>10)</sup>. That is the only way that protects from damage with certainty. These precautions are necessary even if one has to choose the path through the Scylla of mercury poisoning and the Charybdis of a cold. A chemical removal of mercury cannot be obtained according to our experiences. It had been suggested to distribute sulfur powder or zinc dust in the work place. We also tried large foil flags that were hung in long rows from the ceiling. Although tin foil amalgamates quickly if you put it into a closed container next to mercury, it failed in this case: The mercury content in the air did not lessen noticeably; one tin flag (33 X 100cm area; weighing 57g), which had hung for 11 months over a mercury apparatus, was weighed afterwards. It contained only .005 mg mercury.<br />
The recovery from insidious mercury poisoning, after the removal of the poison source, takes place very slowly. Professor Lewin predicted this, and the development of our wellbeing confirmed this. The time period is visibly connected to the duration of the poisoning, and possibly also to how old you are. My co-workers who had left the laboratory were, thankfully, rid of their problems in the course of 1 - 2 years and have fully recovered the freshness of their thinking ability and memory. Nevertheless, even they had to suffer for a long time from relapses not only of mental but also of physical nature (particularly mouth inflammation). Some assistants and female lab workers continued to work here where they, unfortunately, cannot operate without mercury. Even today, after two years, they are still suffering from clearly visible, but steadily diminishing, after-effects of the poisoning. As for me, who was exposed to the damaging influences for over 20 years, the recovery apparently is taking the longest. All in all, I recovered the ability to work. I had only occasional relapses (headaches, drowsiness and mild mouth inflammation). Considering the course of the recovery up to now, I do not doubt, however, that my last co-workers and I will lose our symptoms completely. It seems that you have to count on it to take years to excrete the mercury again that took years to build up in the body. In this regard the following case has been educational to me recently, which at the same time proves that it is irrelevant for the course of insidious mercury poisoning whether the poison gets into the body via the lungs or through the skin<sup>11)</sup><br />
A medical assistant who had applied mercury salve therapy on his patients fell ill in 1905 with those symptoms (moodiness, headache, vertigo), which gradually got worse (fatigue, unbearable headache, oral inflammation, loosening and loss of teeth, constant runny nose, sinusitis, sore throat, ringing in the ears, hearing and vision disturbances). Only in 1911 was the situation recognized as mercury poisoning. The man stopped applying the salve therapy, but still needed many years before he lost his symptoms. After 1914, when he went to war he suffered from headaches and drowsiness. Today as a fifty-five-year-old he is again the picture of health and quite youthful.<br />
It seems that an existing mercury intoxication preconditions a special sensitivity vis-a-vis renewed exposure from mercury vapor. Some of us who, at our work, and also during occasional mistakes with ventilation, had come in contact again with more mercury, noticed this soon because of the stronger symptomatology after the relapses. That is not surprising because, as the long development period of the insidious illness shows, a certain borderline value has to be reached before noticeable symptoms appear. The borderline value is certainly exceded for a long time, even during recovery, so that each added amount of mercury worsens your wellbeing at once.<br />
On doctor's orders we tried to hasten the recovery in various ways through use of diuretics and emetics, through hot baths and prolonged use of small amounts of sodium iodide. I do not get the impression that healing was particularly accelerated. The iodide has the reputation of bringing the metal into soluble form from insoluble organic mercury compounds. This is the form in which the mercury is probably anchored in the body. As far as I am concerned, there was no proof that significantly more mercury was excreted after addition of iodide. No progress was to be expected from diuretics, as already mentioned, since the mercury excretion in the urine had stopped relatively soon altogether. The healing arts are sadly lacking in medicines that detoxify mercury in the body <sup>12)</sup>.<br />
Exercize in fresh air is still best suited to make the subjective symptoms less noticeable. With milder headaches and vertigo Novalgin has been proven worthwhile as a palliative. All in all, it has to be left to time to become master over this destroyer of peace. For me even a four-week long stay in the high mountains and an ocean voyage to southerly latitudes brought hardly any progress, (which normally occurs with unaffected people), although, naturally, the mental relaxation helped the nerves.<br />
Why were our illnesses not recognized sooner as being mercury poisoning? I have often asked myself this question, not without self-accusations. The first signs, those that preceded the oral signs of slow mercury poisoning, are hardly known by the medical profession.<sup>13)</sup> They consist only of fatigue, lowering of thinking and memory skills, slight headaches and drowsiness and rare occasional diarrhea. In the same way, it was little known until now that the nose and remaining breathing passages are being compromised in the form of a runny nose and sinusitis. But exactly these symptoms brought me and the physicians who treated me on the wrong track, and have been misleading in other cases that I have come to know about. Thus one of my assistants was treated for a long time for a sinus infection before the true cause came to light. By the way, balanced judgment of the bad situation becomes impaired in those who are affected exactly because of the existing drowsiness: "Quem Mercurius perdere vult, dementat prius!" [Whom Mercury wants to destroy, he first robs of his mind!]<br />
At this time I would like to warn about a little known source of insidious mercury poisoning: It is amalgam tooth fillings. Professor Lewin suggested to me at once, when he noticed mercury poisoning in me, to replace all amalgam fillings--of which I had a considerable number in my mouth since early youth--with other fillings. Telling me this, he recalled a case of a university colleague who was at the edge of mental and physical collapse when the cause was found just in time. It was found in the numerous amalgam fillings stemming from the time when he was young. After their removal slow recovery followed.<sup>14)</sup><br />
Dentists used to prefer copper and cadmium amalgams and now often use the so-called silver amalgams for tooth fillings because these amalgams are easy to work with and fill out the cavities well. Silver amalgam is superior to the earlier named amalgams, which corode and rot over time. However it, too, releases mercury at room temperature as the following assays<sup>15)</sup> proved to us:<br />
We enclosed silver amalgam samples in an evacuated glass tube, which was bent [in the middle] at a ninety-degree angle with the ends melted shut. The horizontal tube shank with the amalgam piece was kept warm at 30-35 degrees C; the other shank serving as a recepticle, was cooled with ice or liquid air. We then measured the mercury that had sublimated in the receptacle in all cases.<br />
<ul>
<li>I. Amalgam piece carefully made for this purpose by dentist in the state-of-the-art method from metal powder and mercury: .801 g. Enclosed by melting into glass tube 24 hours after manufacture. Warmed [30-35 degrees] for 23 days. Receptacle in ice. Distilled mercury = 11.2 mg</li>
<br /><br />
<li>II. Same as above: .810 g. Kept for three weeks to make hardening as complete as possible. Only after that period of time was it enclosed by melting into glass tube. Warmed [30-35 degrees] for 12 days. Receptacle in liquid air. Distilled mercury = 15.3 mg</li>
<br /><br />
<li>III. Amalgam piece made by taking care using as little mercury as possible: 1.000 g. As in II. was kept in the open for three weeks. Warmed [30-35 degrees] for 9 days. Receptacle in ice. Distilled mercury = 8.2 mg</li>
<br /><br />
<li>IV. Amalgam filling, which had been in a tooth for years and had fallen out: .894 g. Warmed [30-35 degrees] for 14 days. Receptacle in liquid air. Distilled mercury = 29.4 mg</li>
</ul>
Without doubt, the fillings that were used here in the laboratory would have allowed mercury to evaporate from the mouth as well and supplied the inhaled air with a small amount of mercury, which, in the long run, has to be harmful. The old copper and cadmium amalgams are likely to be even more harmful.<br />
For some time, one of my faculty colleagues had been suffering from occasional headaches and drowsiness the cause of which he couldn't explain. After he had an old amalgam filling removed, which had caused a slight infection near the tooth in question, his symptoms disappeared gradually. After its removal the filling showed itself as crumbly and laced with mercury droplets, throughout.<br />
Dental medicine should do without the application of amalgam as means for filling teeth altogether or, at least, wherever at all possible. There is no doubt that many complaints such as fatigue, memory weakness, oral inflammation, diarrhea, lack of appetite, chronic runny nose and sinusitis are sometimes caused by mercury that has been directed to the body from amalgam fillings, maybe only in small quantities, but constantly. The physicians should give this fact the most serious attention. Then it will probably become apparent that the frivolous introduction of amalgams as tooth filling device was a nasty sin against humanity.<br />
Insidious mercury poisonings are certainly much more common than ordinarily thought. This is true particularly for chemists and physicists who so often have to work with it. The great danger here is being noted much too little, and the true cause of symptoms and illness is often not recognized. In literature you find almost nothing about this.<sup>16)</sup> Since the discovery of our misfortune I have found out about a dozen certain cases of insidious mercury poisoning, just in the circle of my acquaintances. They almost always have the same symptoms. Often the correct cause was missed and therefore the correct treatment was missed as well. An important example is that of a foreign colleague who had been working with mercury apparatus' for a long time. When he visited me and I asked him whether he had ever felt any mercury poisoning, he decidedly said that he had not. Upon further questioning about his health he then admitted: "I am in bad shape. For years I have been suffering from neurasthenia and had to stay away from the laboratory from time to time." The doctors had tried all kinds of things with him. They had treated him for stomach, intestinal, and ribcage disease with a special diet etc. In reality what he had been dealing with was full-blown mercury poisoning without doubt.<br />
One unknowing victim of mercury poisoning has probably been Faraday. In the last two to three decades of his life, which came to an end in his late seventies, he was bothered increasingly by health problems, which made his scientific work more and more difficult, and which played a significant role in his letters and descriptions of his life. They were diagnosed by physicians as neurasthenia and early onset arteriosclerosis. They consisted of, at times, strong mental and physical fatigue, "irritable weakness," headaches, vertigo, "rheumatism" and, more than anything else, constant increasing memory loss.<sup>17)</sup><br />
Faraday, being spared serious "bodily" illnesses, was even in old age a strong hiker and swimmer. But he avoided people for the last third of his life. Scientific work, including his lectures, were continued with long interruptions into the last decade of his life. It is heart rending to read in the great researcher's letters that he went to see his physician friend so often to complain to him about vertigo and headache, that he couldn't remember names, that he was losing the connections with his colleagues, that he was forgetting his own work and notes, that he was forgetting his letter writing, and that he didn't know any more how to write words. "The affected organ is my head. The result is loss of memory and clarity and vertigo." All these symptoms make it most likely that Faraday suffered from an insidious mercury poisoning from the vapors used in the laboratory. It makes you shudder to think how, in all likelihood, this rich intellect could have been freed from this suffering, and what gifts he could have given to science if the cause of his illness could have been recognized and remedied.<br />
Maybe--Professor Jaensch (Marburg) brings this to my attention--the mysterious sickness the mathematician, physicist, and philosopher, Blaise Pascal (1623-1661), succumbed to when he was still young was mercury poisoning. Pascal worked with mercury in his well-known barometer research. His suffering from sustained headaches, vertigo, toothache, loss of appetite, and lasting bad colic complete the picture of advanced slow mercury poisoning.<br />
No doubt mercury, the use of which sadly cannot be done away with in research, has done heavy damage to science in the past as it still does today in the way it curtailed the output of many a researcher. May this present-day warning help us pay better attention and avoid the dangers of this insidious metal.<br />
Please view the bibliography in the original article: <a href="http://people.blinx.de/sems/deutsch/stock2.htm"><b>Die Gefaehrlichkeit des Quecksilberdampfes, von Alfred Stock (1926)</b></a>The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-14970697165619312632015-01-20T15:02:00.002-08:002015-01-20T15:02:43.027-08:00The Swastika on Arizona and Peruvian Pottery<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #29aae1; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Someone sent in a comment about an ancient Moche vase he had seen in a picture on display at a Peruvian museum. I thought it not only interesting, but yet another example of someone drawing a conclusion based on modern knowledge without looking into the ancient meaning of his view. His comment was: “How do you explain the Nazi swastika showing up on pottery in Peru, as well as in Arizona? This hardly seems like a connection between the ancient Jews and your Book of Mormon people. Looks like another proof of the hoax Joseph Smith laid on you!”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The answer is simpler than it might seem. First of all, the two pottery vessels he mentioned, interestingly enough, are actually another proof of the Jewish-South American connection, not the opposite as he supposes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The first vessel was found in a pyramid along the north coast of Peru and dates to the early Moche-Sican-Lambayeque period, beginning around 100 B.C., and currently on display in the Huaca Rajada Site Museum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Left: The remains of the Moche-Sican mud-brick pyramid in Lambayeque; Right: The swastika-adorned pottery vessel found in the pyramid</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The second, a Hohokam pottery vessel, now on display at the Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, Arizona, was found in the Hohokam village ruins dating to about 400 A.D. The Hohokam once inhabited a large area from southern Utah-Colorado far into northwestern Mexico to the Durango border.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Left: 1500 year-old Hohokam village ruins near Phoenix, Arizona; Right: The Hohokam vessel found in the ruins with a swastika. Note the outside lines are angled</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Swastika, contrary to his inference and most people’s opinion, did not originate with the Nazi movement in Germany. The so-called “swastika” is actually an adaptation from the early Hebrew symbol meaning “eternity in motion.” It was also found on American plains Indians of the U.S., specifically drawn on teepees, etc. In fact, the word "swastika" comes from the Sanskrit words <i>su</i>, meaning "well," and <i>asti</i>, meaning “to be.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">An ancient symbol, the swastika was used in various forms by many civilizations all over the world. It was the sign of Thor's hammer for Scandinavians, used by early Christians as an alternative cross to avoid persecution, and by later Christians as a decorative emblem. It was used extensively by the Hittites, Celts and Greeks, and was a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It was widespread among Native American peoples, and appeared in ancient Oriental, Egyptian, and Irish cultures. India associates the swastika with good luck and protection from wrath, and mark it on doors, walls, shrines, and their own bodies. It can represent the sun, the god Vishnu, or the 'world-wheel.' It is one of the 24 auspicious marks in Jainism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Top: Left: An Iranian necklace excavated from Kalunaz, Guilan, first millennium B.C.; Center: Ancient Roman tile design; Right: Pre-Christian Polish symbol of Slavic diety Svarog; Bottom: Left: Children light lamps in the shape of a swastika on the Diwali, eve of Hindu new year; Center: Ancient Buddhist temple in Korea; Right: 1920 Arizona highway marker</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The swastika was the Indian sun symbol conferring good luck and the Sanskrit word meaning “fortunate” or “well-being,” and to the Romans it meant “peace,” while to the Hindus it meant “good fortune,” and to the plains Indians it meant “good luck.” To the Windsor, Nova Scotia, team in the early days of hockey, it meant both “power and good fortune,” and to the fans it meant a high-scoring top-notch hockey team whose players proudly displayed the symbol on their jerseys and who were almost impossible to beat by other teams in the area.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Left: The 1912 Windsor, Nova Scotia, hockey team in their uniforms with the swastika on their jerseys; Right: The women’s 1916 Edmonton Swastikas Hockey Team</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;">Since the early Middle Ages the sign of the swastika was well-established among all Slavic lands, where it was known as <i>swarzyca</i>, and primarily associated with one of their gods named <i>Swarog</i>. With time the significance of the symbol faded, but it was preserved in numerous cases as a personal symbol of various personalities, as was the case of the Boreyko Coat of Arms. It was also preserved in the folk culture of the region of Podhale, where it was used as a talisman well into the 20th century. As a solar symbol, it was painted or carved on various parts of houses in the Tatra Mountains and was thought to save the household from evil.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;">In America, the 45<sup>th</sup> Infantry Division of the United States Army used a yellow swastika on a red background as a unit symbol until the 1930s, when it was switched to a thunderbird, and the U.S. Navy base at Coronado, California, has a swastika-shaped building, which predates World War II. In 1925, Coca-Cola made a lucky watch formed in the shape of a swastika with the slogan, "<i>Drink Coca Cola five cents in bottles</i>." The Health, Physical Education and Recreation Building at Indiana University, which was built in the 1920s before the Nazis came to power in Germany, contains decorative Native American-inspired reverse swastika tilework on the walls of the foyer and stairwells on the southeast side of the building, which now creates enormous controversy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Left: 45<sup>th</sup>Infantry Division Patch; Center: Coronado U.S. Navy Building; Right: Coca-Cola lucky watch charm</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: black;">Shortly after the beginning of World War II, the Native American tribes <i>Navajo, Apache, Tohono O’odham, and Hopi</i>, published a decree stating that they would no longer use the swastika in their artwork, because it had come to symbolize evil to them. The decree states: <i>”Because the above ornament which has been a symbol of friendship among our forefathers for many centuries has been desecrated recently by another nation of peoples.</i> <i>Therefore it is resolved that henceforth from this date on and forever more our tribes renounce the use of the emblem commonly known today as the swastika or fylfot on our blankets, baskets, art objects, sandpainting, and clothing.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">In the late nineteenth century, the swastika symbolized a movement celebrating Germanic culture, heritage, and nationalism, however, by 1920 this movement began to take on anti-Semitic undertones. Later, Adolph Hitler chose the swastika to be the symbol of the Nazi Party.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">There are many other historically documented uses of the swastika as a totem, a decoration, or a good luck "charm" in ancient civilizations including the Mesopotamians, Hindu, Native Americans (both North and South) and Scandinavians. To the Hopi’s, the swastika symbol represents the path of the migrations of the clans. The center of the cross represents <i>Tuwanasavi</i> or the Center of the Universe, which lay in what is now the Hopi country in the southwestern part of the US. <i>Tuwanasavi</i> was not the geographic center of North America, but the magnetic or spiritual center formed by the junction of the North-South and the East-West axes along which the Twins sent their vibratory messages and controlled the rotation of the planet. Three directions (<i>pasos</i>) for most of the clans were the same: the ice locked back door to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Only 7 clans—the Bear, Eagle, Sun, Kachina, Parrot, Flute and Coyote clans—migrated to South America to the southern <i>paso</i> at it's tip. The rest of some 40 clans, having started from somewhere in South America, regarded this as their southern <i>paso</i>, their migration thus forming a balanced symbol. Upon arriving at each <i>paso</i> all the leading clans turned right before retracing their routes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The symbol itself, probably originating anciently in the Hebrew geometric symbols, where a vertical line represented the spiritual realm, a horizontal line represented man and his existence or the temporal sphere, and the circle represented eternity with no beginning and no end. When you put those together you have a circle with a cross inside. By removing parts of the circle, you have eternity in motion, which looks somewhat like a swastika.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">This is just another example and proof of how the ancient Hebrew or Jewish culture of Lehi’s time can be seen in many ways within the Western Hemisphere.</span></div>
The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-68050914700662543272014-10-21T01:57:00.002-07:002014-10-21T01:57:58.551-07:00What do Guinea Pigs, Apes, some Fruit Bats and Humans have in common?<div class="post-headline" style="background-color: white; font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">
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Guinea Pigs, Apes, Fruit Bats and Humans</h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt;"><strong>What do Guinea Pigs, Apes, some Fruit Bats and Humans have in common?</strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">They all share the inability to produce their own</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #ff6600;">Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)</span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">.</span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">All other animals produce Vitamin C endogenously, or inside their own bodies.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.naturalcurezone.com/?page_id=1748" style="color: #0a0ae8; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank" title="Click Here to Learn More"><strong>Click Here to Learn More</strong></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Scientists believe they have evidence suggesting that humans used to produce their own ascorbic acid from an enzyme produced in the liver. But something happened and humans now depend on dietary sources of vitamin C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Guinea pigs, apes, some fruit bats and humans share another trait: The tendency to develop coronary heart disease. The development of heart disease only occurs in animals and humans that lack adequate intake of ascorbates through dietary sources.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">It has also been observed that zoo animals, such as gorillas fed processed “gorilla chow” readily develop heart disease unless they are supplied with adequate amounts of ascorbates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">By comparing the amount of vitamin C produced endogenously in animals that do not develop heart disease, we can get a good idea of how much vitamin C is essential to maintain cardiovascular health in humans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Goats, cows, dogs, cats, squirrels and rabbits manufacture ascorbic acid at a rate of about <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">10 g per 70 kg</span></strong> (154 pounds) of body weight<strong>.</strong> In other words, to achieve the levels of ascorbic acid produced by animals that do not develop coronary heart disease, a 154-pound human would need to ingest <strong>10 g of dietary or supplemental vitamin C daily.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Noting that 1,000 mg = 1 g, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has established the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for vitamin C at 35 mg for infants; 45-50 mg for children and 60 mg for adults. <strong>According to the FDA, humans require about 200 times less vitamin C than animals to maintain optimal health!</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The late Dr. Fred Klenner was one of the world’s foremost authorities on vitamin C. He believed that the government’s concept of daily minimal intakes should be abolished because, “The physiological requirements [for ascorbic acid] in man are no different than other mammals capable of carrying out this synthesis.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Judging from the numbers of people being stricken by and succumbing to heart disease in the U.S., it would appear that Dr. Klenner (and doctors </span><strong><a href="http://www.naturalcurezone.com/?page_id=1608" style="color: #0a0ae8;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pauling</span></a></strong><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Irwin Stone, Glenn Dettman and Archie Kalokerinos) are correct about the levels of ascorbic acid necessary to maintain optimal cardiovascular health.</span></div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-88733544339704973702014-09-03T04:35:00.001-07:002014-09-03T04:35:32.869-07:00Hydration for the Apocalypse: How to Store Water for Long-Term Emergencies<div class="top-bar-container fixed" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Lato, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; height: 45px; left: 0px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: fixed; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1005px; z-index: 99999;">
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<article class="post-39234 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-manly-skills category-self-reliance category-survival-manly-skills single-post" id="post-39234" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(235, 235, 235); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2em; padding: 0em 0px 0px; word-break: break-word;"><header style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="single-date" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
April 1, 2014</div>
<a href="http://www.artofmanliness.com/category/manly-skills/" rel="category tag" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" title="View all posts in Manly Skills">Manly Skills</a>, <a href="http://www.artofmanliness.com/category/manly-skills/self-reliance/" rel="category tag" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" title="View all posts in Self-Reliance">Self-Reliance</a>, <a href="http://www.artofmanliness.com/category/manly-skills/survival-manly-skills/" rel="category tag" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" title="View all posts in Survival">Survival</a><h2 class="post-title" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-size: 40px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 27px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<img alt="Your community in action - moving food, water, medicines into shelters." class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-39272" height="272" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/protection.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Sign of Protection" width="550" /></div>
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A big storm and earthquake hits your town. It’s a certifiable <a href="http://www.thedailyblender.net/2011/11/welcome-to-oklahoma-home-of-the-quakenado-photo.html" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">quakenado</a>.</div>
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Your house is spared structural damage, but the power and water are out. According to news reports, the grid is down in your area and several water mains are broken. Conservative estimates are that it will take crews at least a week to get water service back on.</div>
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Would you have enough water in your home for you and your family to last until the water came back? Or if you live in the southwest, would you have enough in <a href="http://www.weather.com/news/science/environment/10-cities-could-run-out-water-20131212" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">a situation where your city just plain runs out of water</a>?</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">How Much Water Do I Need?</strong></h3>
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<img alt="Vintage drinking water barrel. " class=" " height="635" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/barrel.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Vintage drinking water barrel." width="425" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Water…because <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw60" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">ducking and covering</a> works up a mighty thirst.</div>
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The general rule of thumb is that you’ll need one gallon of water per person per day. Half a gallon is used for drinking and the other half is used for hygiene. That number will go up depending on a whole host of factors. If you live in a hot climate or have pregnant or nursing women in your group, you’ll want to store more water.</div>
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Alright, so a gallon a day per person is the general rule.</div>
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So the question becomes, how many days without water should you prep for?</div>
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Well that depends on how prepared you want to be for varying degrees of disaster.</div>
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FEMA recommends that everyone have enough water to last three days should your regular water source be disrupted. Three days of water should be enough to get you through the periods of water shut-off or contamination that can happen during natural disasters like earthquakes, tornadoes, and ice storms.</div>
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Three days is a good starting point, but even during run-of-the-mill disasters, water access can be down for much longer than that.</div>
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After spending hours reading prepper blogs and forums, it seems the general consensus is that<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> you should have at least two weeks worth of water on hand.</strong> So for a single person, that’s 14 gallons of water. For a family of four, that would mean you’d need 56 gallons of water.</div>
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Whether you decide to go above and beyond the two-week minimum is up to you. For lots of people, finding space in their home or apartment to store enough water for two weeks is a stretch, so trying to find room for a month might not be in the cards (<a href="http://www.myfamily-essentials.com/small-space-food-storage-ideas/" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">though with a bit of creativity</a>, you’d be surprised how you can arrange things in your house to make room for large amounts of water and food storage). Even if space isn’t an issue, the upfront costs for long-term water storage can be prohibitively expensive.</div>
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My recommendation would be to start off with the two-week supply and slowly build up to larger amounts as space and money become available. Right now I have about a month’s worth of water for my family. The funny/scary thing about prepping is that it can become a weird obsession. Once I filled my two 55-gallon barrels with water, I immediately wanted more. Now I’m shooting for a year supply. Have I turned into a crazy SHTF (Sh*t Hits The Fan) prepper? Just a touch. I better get busy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_Two_Shelter" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">burying 42 school buses underground</a>….</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Long-Term Water Storage Solutions</span></strong></h3>
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So you’ve decided to start building your emergency water supply. You’ll need a safe container in which to store it. The general guideline is to use food-grade plastic bottles. You can also use glass bottles so long as they haven’t stored non-food items. Stainless steel is another option, but you won’t be able to treat your stored water with chlorine, as it corrodes steel. Finally, no matter what you store your water in, make sure you can seal it. You don’t want any bacteria or other contamination mucking up your drinking water. Below, we highlight several water storage options.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Two-Week Water Storage Options</strong></h3>
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<img alt="Storing bottled water for an emergency supply" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-39281" height="667" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/water-storage.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="water storage" width="500" /></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Store-Bought Bottled Water. </strong>The easiest (but slightly more expensive) way to reach your water storage quota is to simply buy pre-packaged bottled water. It’s clean, well-sealed, and comes in food-grade plastic bottles. Moreover, bottled water is highly portable, which comes in handy if<a href="http://www.artofmanliness.com/2011/03/07/how-to-make-a-bug-out-bag-your-72-hour-emergency-evacuation-survival-kit/" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">you need to bug out</a>. This is a great option if you have limited space in your home or apartment. Just buy a bunch of packages and store them under beds. For example, one <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0069FTP0G/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0069FTP0G&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">35-count package of Poland Spring water</a>provides about 4.6 gallons. That’s enough water to last one person four days. If you want two weeks of water, you just need four packages.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Empty Soda/Water/Gatorade Bottles. </strong>If you’re a cheap bastard, you can just refill empty soda/water/Gatorade bottles with water from your tap. Just make sure to thoroughly clean the bottles first, <a href="http://www.artofmanliness.com/2012/11/01/how-to-bug-in-what-you-need-to-know-to-survive-a-grid-down-disaster/#sanitize" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="How to Bug-In: What You Need to Know to Survive a Grid-Down Disaster">using this process</a>.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5-7-Gallon Water Jugs. </strong>If you’re a regular camper, you might already have a few of these in your garage. They’re made from sturdy, food-grade plastic. The plastic is usually a dark blue which restricts light and helps prevent algae growth. I think the blue is also to remind you that “Hey! This is for water only!” The jugs are typically stackable, so they make for easy storage, even in the tightest of spaces. Their smallish size also makes for easy transport in case you need to leave your home base.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">One Month or More Water Storage Options</strong></h3>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001AXLUX2/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001AXLUX2&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">waterBOB</a>. </strong>If you’ve read <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000OI0G1Q/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B000OI0G1Q&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">The Road</a>, </em>you’ll likely remember the scene where our protagonist begins to fill up a bathtub immediately after seeing flashes that signal an impending apocalypse outside his window. He knew the city water would be shutting off soon, and he wanted to store as much as he could before that happened. This is actually in my emergency plan if we ever encounter a SHTF moment here in Tulsa. While filling up a tub will give you 100 gallons of water, the problem is that it’s not very sanitary for a couple of reasons. First, when was the last time you cleaned your tub? And if you did clean it recently, did you use harsh chemicals to do so? Either way, you probably don’t want to drink water straight from it. Second, water in your tub has no covering so it’s susceptible to all sorts of contamination.</div>
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<img alt="waterBOB system for emergency water. " class=" " height="334" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/tub2.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="waterBOB system" width="500" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
In times of crisis, a waterBOB is quite handy. Be sure to have fresh towels and some scented candles on hand as well, as seen above. Even during the apocalypse, everyone needs some “me time.”</div>
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That’s where the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001AXLUX2/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001AXLUX2&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">waterBOB</a> comes in. It’s a giant, heavy-duty plastic bag that holds up to 100 gallons of water. Just place it in your bathtub and fill with water from your tub faucet. Boom! Instant sanitary water storage.</div>
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This is a good option for folks with limited space. Just bust it out whenever you think you’ll need to use it. The downside is that when you think you need it, there might not be any water to fill it up.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0007VSMES/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0007VSMES&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Water Barrels.</a> </strong>If you have the space and you’re looking to have at least one month of water storage on hand, you can’t go wrong with 55-gallon water barrels. They’re made from sturdy food-grade plastic and have bungs at the top that can be sealed super tight in order to protect your water from contamination. The plastic is also BPA-free and UV-resistant. Two of these babies will give a family of four about 27 days worth of water. This is what I have right now for my water storage solution.</div>
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There are a few downsides. The first one is space. If you live in an apartment, you probably won’t have room for a 55-gallon water barrel. The second is price. Each barrel will set you back about $90. You’ll also need to buy <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0053SKJAK/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0053SKJAK&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">a pump</a> and a <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0001MII88/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0001MII88&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">specialty drinking water hose</a> to fill them up. Finally, they’re not very portable. A full barrel weighs in at 440 lbs. You’ll definitely want a more portable option available in case you need to bug out.</div>
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If you’re looking to store more than a month of water, you might consider getting one (or more!) of these <a href="http://beprepared.com/320-gallon-ultimate-water-reserve-combo.html" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">320-gallon water storage systems</a>. I’m looking to add one to our garage later this year.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">How to Store Water in 55-Gallon Barrels</strong></h3>
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<img alt="55-gallon drinking water barrels" class="size-full wp-image-39304 " height="333" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/IMG_2442.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="water barrels" width="500" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
I’ve got two 55-gallon barrels in my garage.</div>
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<img alt="water barrels on a wood pallet" class="size-full wp-image-39305 " height="333" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/IMG_2444.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="water barrels on a wood pallet" width="500" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
While probably not necessary, I placed my barrels on a wooden pallet to avoid a possible chemical reaction between the barrels and the cement.</div>
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<img alt="specialty drinking water hose" class="size-full wp-image-39306 " height="333" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/IMG_2448.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="specialty drinking water hose" width="500" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Experts recommend that you avoid using a regular old garden hose when filling up your water barrels and instead use a speciality drinking water hose.</div>
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<img alt="filled water barrels" class="size-full wp-image-39307 " height="333" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/IMG_2449.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="filled water barrels" width="500" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Filled them up. It didn’t take as long as I thought it would.</div>
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<img alt="chlorine drops for pre-treating water" class="size-full wp-image-39308 " height="333" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/IMG_2452.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="chlorine drops" width="500" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Many prepper sites recommend pre-treating your water with chlorine to help prevent algae and bacteria growth. However, several sites claim that this isn’t even necessary because tap water is already treated with chlorine. I treated one barrel and not the other. It will be interesting to see if there’s any difference between the two in a year.</div>
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<img alt="Tightening the water barrels" class="size-full wp-image-39309 " height="333" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/IMG_2446.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="tightening barrels" width="500" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
After filling your barrels, make sure to seal the bung as tight as you can. Remember, water doesn’t spoil. What causes water to go bad is contamination.</div>
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<img alt="smaller water storage jug" class="size-full wp-image-39310 " height="333" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/IMG_2450.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="smaller water storage jug" width="500" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Even though you might have giant barrels full of water, it’s a good idea to have smaller storage jugs in case you need to bug out of your house.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&pageMinusResults=1&suo=1396377849741&tag=stucosuccess-20&url=search-alias%3Daps#/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=rain%20barrels&sprefix=rain+barrels%2Caps&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Arain%20barrels&sepatfbtf=true&tc=1396377851418" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Rain Barrels</a>. </strong>In addition to storing tap water, you might consider adding some rain barrels into your system. Simply place a rain barrel at the bottom of your gutter pipe, and whenever it rains your barrel collects the water. Rainwater harvesting is an eco and budget friendly way to create a long-term water storage reserve. Because it comes from the heavens, and it’s sitting in a barely-protected barrel outside, you’ll want to filter and sanitize rainwater before drinking it. Some preppers just use rainwater for hygiene and save their stored tap water for drinking. Although it’s a myth that some states have made rainwater collection illegal, some drought-prone states have regulations on methods and require permits, and some states (like Texas) actually give a tax credit for buying rain collection equipment. <a href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/rainwater-harvesting.aspx" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Be sure to check the regulations for your state</a>.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting.html" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Water Cistern System</a>. </strong>Water cisterns are a big step up from rain barrels. They’re basically giant holding containers that you use to capture rain water. Water cistern systems can hold anywhere from 1,400 gallons to 12,000 gallons of water. If you’re planning for end-of-the-world-as-we-know-it events, water cisterns are where it’s at. You’ll need space where you can place a giant water tank and you’ll need to develop a system of pipes to deliver rainwater to the cistern. Also, the tanks used in cistern systems usually aren’t food friendly. You’ll want to treat the water before drinking it or use cistern water primarily for hygiene purposes.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Back-up Water Solutions</strong></h3>
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In addition to having stored water, you’ll want to have options to filter and purify water in case you need to use water from rivers, streams, or lakes to supplement your supply. <a href="http://willowhavenoutdoor.com/" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Creek Stewart</a> recommends having three options on hand to produce clean drinking water: filter, chemical, and boiling.</div>
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<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Water filter. </strong>I have a <a data-skimlinks-orig-link="" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0007U012U?ie=UTF8&tag=stucosuccess-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0007U012U" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;">Katadyn Hiker Pro Filtration System</a> in my bug-out bag. You can produce about 1 liter of clean water per minute with it. You definitely can’t rely on it for your primary source of clean water. It’s just a supplement.</li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0009I3T3S/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0009I3T3S&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Purification tablets</a>. </strong>I have some iodine and sodium chlorite tablets for purification as well.</li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fuel and stove to boil water. </strong>Finally, I have <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000A8C5QE?ie=UTF8&tag=stucosuccess-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B000A8C5QE" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">a small stove</a> and fuel in my bug-out bag so I can boil water to purify it.</li>
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<img alt="paper bag trick for heating water" class=" " height="354" src="http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2014/04/paperbag.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto !important; margin: 1em auto 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="heating water trick" width="550" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you find yourself in a scenario where you have a paper bag but not a pot in which to boil water in…I present to you a life hack from a 1950s issue of Modern Mechanix magazine.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Common Questions About Water Storage</strong></h3>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Do I need to rotate my water every year? </strong>This is probably the most common question and the most common answer is, yes, you need to change your water out at least once a year. But after looking into it, I found that this isn’t necessarily true. First, it’s important to understand that water doesn’t have an expiration date. If properly stored, water doesn’t spoil. What makes water go bad is contamination that gets into it. If you take proper precautions in sealing and storing your water so that bacteria or other contaminants don’t get into it, your water could theoretically stay good forever. In fact, I’ve read lots of blog posts from <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PD_nZxrjNF8" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">folks who’ve imbibed five-year-old stored water</a> without any problems. So, as long as you take proper precautions, no, you don’t <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">need </em>to change your water out every year. However, if you’re worried about contamination, then go ahead and do it.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Do I need to treat my water with chlorine before I store it? </strong>A few prepper sites recommend that you treat your water with chlorine before you seal its storage container. But if you’re using tap water from your city to fill your water storage, it’s unnecessary. Tap water has already been treated with chlorine. If you properly seal your bottle or drum, you shouldn’t have to worry about bacteria or algae growth. If the day comes that you have to crack open your water source and you’re worried about contamination, feel free to add chlorine. The proper amount is 1/8 teaspoon of chlorine per gallon of water. To make it easier, just buy some<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000OR111G/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B000OR111G&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">water treatment drops</a>. They tell you exactly what you need to add.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Do I need to boil my stored water before I drink it? </strong>If you have reason to believe that your water has been contaminated, then boil it. If not, don’t. It’s a waste of fuel.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Why does my stored water taste funny? Is it contaminated? </strong>Stored water will often taste flat and weird because there’s no oxygen in it. To get rid of that weird stored water taste, simply swish your water around your cup a few times before drinking.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Do I need to store my water <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">off </em>the cement? </strong>If you plan on storing water in 55-gallon barrels, you’ll likely come across recommendations to not store the barrels on your garage’s cement floor and to instead place them on wooden pallets. The reason given is that chemicals in the cement can cause a chemical reaction with the plastic storage container and possibly contaminate the water. Looking into this a bit more, this seems to be more of an old prepper wives’ tale. I couldn’t find any scientific research to back up this claim. <a href="http://www.preparednesspro.com/myths-and-facts-of-water-storage" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">A few prepper sites claimed</a> that storing your water on cement only became a problem when your cement got really hot.</div>
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To be on the safe side, I went ahead and put my water barrels on a pallet. Didn’t cost me much more and didn’t take up much more space. You can also use carpet or flattened cardboard boxes too.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I have a swimming pool. Can’t I just use that for my emergency water? </strong>If you have an average size swimming pool out back, you have around 20,000 gallons of water at your disposal in case of an emergency. It’s certainly drinkable. You just have to be smart about it. Because of the chlorine and pump/filter, pool water is typically free of contaminants like algae and bacteria. Don’t be freaked out about drinking chlorinated pool water. The recommended chlorine levels for pools is 2 parts per million.<a href="http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm#What are EPA’s drinking water regulations for disinfectants?" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Water with chlorine levels below 4 parts per million is safe for humans to drink.</a></div>
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The problem with relying on pool water for a long-term water solution is that in a grid-down situation in which water and electricity are out for more than a week, that pool water is going to go bad. First, chlorine levels will drop in a few days unless you keep adding chlorine to the pool. If you don’t have enough chlorine on hand, that means the water will become an algae and bacteria breeding ground in a short while. Second, without electricity, your pool’s pump and filter can’t clean out the gunk. So after a week, your pristine drinkable pool water will start to “spoil.” With that in mind, you might consider having several <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000XABU5Q/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B000XABU5Q&linkCode=as2&tag=stucosuccess-20" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">collapsible water carriers</a> on hand and filling them up with pool water if you think the power will be down for more than a week. Fill as many as you can and put them in your garage. You should boil or chemically treat any pool water before drinking it just to be safe.</div>
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What about saltwater pools? Well, that’s a bit trickier. There’s a lot of mixed info out there on the topic. A few people make the case that salt levels in saltwater pools aren’t as high as you’d think they’d be, and are arguably in the safe range for drinking. On the other hand, their levels are still pretty high and too much salt consumption in a survival situation can be detrimental to your overall well-being, so you’re better off not swigging the stuff. It’s better to play it safe by avoiding drinking the saltwater from your pool. If you do have a saltwater pool and would like to use the water, consider using it only for hygiene purposes. If you want to use it for drinking, <a href="http://www.seapanel.com/" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #87240f; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">use a solar desalination device like this one</a>. Just be warned, it takes a long time to produce drinkable water.</div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-39719888884873636762014-09-02T04:36:00.002-07:002014-09-02T04:36:39.105-07:00That Water is Unsafe to Drink <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">May 6, 2005 by Ron Fontaine </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">Copyright © SurvivalTopics.com Read more at: </span><a href="http://survivaltopics.com/that-water-is-unsafe-to-drink/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;">http://survivaltopics.com/that-water-is-unsafe-to-drink/</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">In this Survival Topic we will discuss why it is important that you consider ALL sources of drinking water as contaminated with disease causing organisms until you properly treat it. We will also touch upon the best method to make water safe to drink. Water Born Disease Organisms I want to hammer home to you the importance of always always always (did I say “always”?) treating any water before you use it for anything you will ingest into your body. Water Born Disease Organisms I want to hammer home to you the importance of always always always (did I say “always”?) treating any water before you use it for anything you will ingest into your body. In short, before you use water for any purpose that ends up in your body including Drinking water. Oral hygiene such as rinsing your mouth or brushing your teeth. Cleaning of vegetables and other foods. Cleaning of cooking and eating utensils. Douching and enemas if you are into such things best left unsaid. The water must first be de-contaminated so that all water borne pathogens are destroyed or rendered inert. Otherwise you may become very sick indeed. Contaminated Water One of the most basic concepts you must completely understand in order to stay healthy in wilderness survival situations is that all sources of water are suspect. Urban dwellers that we tend to be, we are usually accustomed to simply turning on the tap and drinking the water that comes from it. It is important to note that tap water usually comes from protected sources and has been treated by municipal agencies to destroy disease causing organisms. This water is also frequently tested in order to insure it meets standards for potablility. In more rural areas tap water often comes from wells and springs where natural processes have purified the water. Because we usually obtain our water so easily from the tap, the mindset to always consider water from untested sources as contaminated can be difficult to fully accept. Old habits die hard and many of you will be tempted to ignore my advice and drink any outdoor water source that appears to be fresh and clean. But I want you to drop any preconceived notion you many have on this subject and trust Survival Topics completely when it comes to treating your water. It could very well save your life. Too many times to count people have told me that a certain stream or lake is safe to drink because it is clear, cold, and natural. I have some important information that could very well prevent you from becoming very sick: That crystal clear mountain stream may seem clean enough to the eye, but invisible microorganisms are thriving in its waters by the millions. Most of the tiny living things in water are harmless to humans, but all too often there are types that can make you very sick should you ingest them. You Are Likely Drinking Feces Many disease organisms contaminate water sources due to improper disposal of human wastes including feces. Another common natural source of water contamination comes from the local wildlife that often defecate in or near the water. Birds and mammals that live in or near water think nothing of releasing their bodily wastes into it. But worse, many ignorant humans will improperly dispose of urine, feces, and kitchen wastes close to communal water supplies. No matter how remote you feel you are, I guarantee someone has been there before you. They may be swimming, washing up, or even have deposited a steaming pile of feces just upstream minutes before you filled your water container. On a number of occasions while at established campsites I have visited the only available water supply, often a natural spring, only to find that someone had washed their dishes in it! Were it not for the odd bits of food items floating in the other wise clear water I may never had known ignorant humans had been there before me. If these people are dumb enough to wash filthy dishes in the only available water supply, who knows what else they may have done nearby. If I were less informed about the hazards of untested water I may have drank that water without treating it and become very sick. Humans are veritible poop machines and wherever they have been you can be assured there is plenty of feces laying about. Historically, wastes and human fecal contamination of water supplies has resulted in large epidemics of cholera and other diseases that have ended the lives of millions. Do not let the actions of dumb people take you down: treat all water before you ingest it. Disease Organisms Would Like You to Drink Them Water can contain a range of nasty organisms you would do well to avoid. These include bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. Coli) Salmonella Protozoa, which also often come from human an animal feces: Microsporidia including Giarda Cryptosporidium Toxoplasma gondii Amoebae Ciliates Flagellates Apicomplexans and let’s not forget helminth zoonoses such as: nematodes ascarids pinworms hookworms strongylids angiostrongylids capillarids guinea worms liver flukes tapeworms But it’s not just fecal contamination from wildlife and ignorant humans you must worry about. I recall hiking up a crystal clear mountain stream in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. At the top of a high waterfall, below which people often swim, lay a huge rotting moose carcass that dammed up the entire stream. Unbeknownst to all, the whole water course filtered through eight hundred pounds of rotting meat on the way to that fine swimming hole downstream. So much for crystal clear mountain streams being safe to drink from! How to Make Water Safe to Drink Now that I have convinced you to consider all sources of water as contaminated until treated, I would like to suggest the best way to make water safe to drink. Once again I am sure to be stirring up a hornets nest of dissent on this subject but I stand by what I write as proven beyond doubt. Try to release any preconceived notions you may have as you read what follows. The miracle of modern advertising would have you believe that the portable water filters on the market today will remove nearly all pathogens and disease causing organisms from water. Nothing could be further from the truth. The fact is, studies have conclusively shown water filters vary a great deal in the types and amount of organisms they are able to filter. And that is when the water filters are functioning properly and users correctly operate and maintain them. A tall order indeed, especially in the field during adverse conditions. Would you drink water from a filter that is removing only 85% of water borne disease organisms? Chances are the water filter you use isn’t even doing that well. Various chemicals used to treat water also lack the ability to destroy 100% of disease causing organisms in water. The reasons for this are beyond the scope of this article and will be covered in a future Survival Topic. The manufacturers of chemicals and water filters don’t want you to know what the best way to make water safe to drink really is. That’s because its simple, inexpensive to operate, and they cannot sell it. The fact is, the best way to make water safe for consumption will destroy or render inert 100% of disease causing organisms. What’s more, this process is readily available and nearly foolproof. It has been successfully used for centuries and remains hands down the best method of all: boiling. How Long Does the Water Need to Boil? Water does do not even have to reach the boiling point (about 212° F or 100° C at sea level) to be rendered safe to drink; Once the water temperature reaches 185° F (85° C) nearly all disease causing organisms have been destroyed. The only reason you typically get water up to the boiling point is you probably do not have a thermometer handy to measure the water temperature. Boiling is proof positive the water is hot enough to make it safe to drink. You can also throw out the myth that you must boil water longer at higher elevations. The boiling point of water even on Mount Everest is still high enough to destroy all disease causing organisms even before the water has started to boil. For more information on boiling water to make it safe to drink read the breakthrough Survival Topic “How Long Do you Need to Boil Water?”. In conclusion: Consider water from any source as contaminated with disease causing organisms. By far the best way to treat water is by boiling it. You only have to bring the water to a boil. Don’t waste fuel; there is no need to boil water for 10-minutes, 5-minutes, or even 1-minute. Once it is boiling all disease causing organisms have been destroyed or rendered inert some time earlier. Even on Mount Everest, the highest point on earth, once water reaches the boiling point it is safe to drink. Filed Under: Recent Survival Topics, Survival Topics Blog</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">Copyright © SurvivalTopics.com Read more at: </span><a href="http://survivaltopics.com/that-water-is-unsafe-to-drink/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;">http://survivaltopics.com/that-water-is-unsafe-to-drink/</a>The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-75579160622411377192014-09-01T01:53:00.001-07:002014-09-01T01:53:22.574-07:00MORE TO C<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="table7" style="background-color: white; height: 25px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">We recommend a minimum of 3000 mg of high quality vitamin c daily, which you may find in C5 and C5+ from </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://simply4health.org/" style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">simply4health</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><a href="mailto:dr_cw_gayle%20(at)%20yahoo%20(dot)%20com" style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Request a copy of our newsletter</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;">, <i>herbalYODA Says!</i> on FLU, for more about the benefits of vitamin C with your doation.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;">An essential water soluble vitamin involved in at least 300 biochemical pathways in the body. Humans cannot synthesise Vitamin C and so require a daily intake. Fragile, highly unstable, and easily destroyed by heat and light, our requirement is higher than any other water soluble vitamin. As a nutrient, is needed for collagen production, an integral part of skin, tendons, bones, gums, teeth, and blood vessels, as well as growth and repair of tissue and helping to maintain normal blood fat and cholesterol levels. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.leaflady.org/vitc.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;"><img border="2" height="73" src="http://www.leaflady.org/vitc_small.jpg" width="100" xthumbnail-orig-image="vitc.jpg" /></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Photo Above is of Vitamin C</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>~ Receive our vitamin C cleansing protocol with a donation to CHI ~</b></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.leaflady.org/nutrition.htm" style="text-decoration: none;">Vitamin C</a> Dose Recommendation</span><span style="color: #3e4241;"> - </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 13px;">Take a <b>minimum</b> of 3000 mg ascorbic acid daily, in divided doses at mealtime, for adults.</span></div>
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Generally we encourage that you take more than 30 times that of National Academy of Sciences (75-90mg) and 15 times more than that of the Pauling Institute and NIH (200mg).</div>
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Dr. Pauling prescribed 2 to 6 times the Vitamin C Foundation’s vitamin C RDA (6,000 to 18,000 mg of vitamin C), and beleived that his dosage was based on the large amounts of vitamin C that animals manufacture daily. Currently there is veterinary research showing that most animal companions need vitamin C supplementation.</div>
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Vitamin C researcher Thomas E. Levy, MD, JD, advises from 2 to 4 times our recommendation (6,000 to 12,000 mg daily, taken in divided doses).</div>
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Referring to the work of Robert Cathcart, MD, we suggest the ability to tolerate daily oral vitamin C varies between 4 and 16 grams daily, if you have ordinary (not severe) health (poor to average) status. Cathcart’s clinical experience demonstrates that almost all humans tolerate 4 grams of vitamin C daily.</div>
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For children these references are helpful: Up to age 3: 1 gram vitamin C daily for children, based upon their age (1 gram for 1- yr-olds; 2 grams for 2-yr olds, etc., in divided doses, and not a product containing sugar or artificial sweeteners)</div>
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The daily allowance may not prevent or resolve disease that comes from deficiency of vitamin C. Cardiovascular disease, as an example, requires from 6,000 to 18,000 mg Vitamin C daily; cancers may require 14,000 to 39,000 mg daily.’ (Excerpt from the research of Drs Hickey & Roberts)</div>
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Lipospheric vitamin C delivers 93-98% of the vitamin directly into the body, this means that far lower doses can be taken than normal oral ascorbate, thus avoiding loose bowel movements which can often be a side effect of high doses of oral vitamin C.</div>
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According to <a href="http://naturalhealthnews.blogspot.com/2006/10/dr-levy-on-vitamin-c.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Thomas Levy MD</a>, lipospheric C shows a ten-fold increase in the effect of IV vitamin C: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px; color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">“I found that liposome encapsulated vitamin C, taken orally, was roughly 10 times more effective clinically in resolving infectious diseases than the IVC. Having given thousands of IVCs and taken hundreds myself, this was difficult to comprehend, even though the clinical observation was quite straightforward. I subsequently realized that the liposome gave the ultimate bioavailability: intracellular delivery, including the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and even the nucleus… 2 to 6 packets daily covers most individuals for most situations.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://orthomolecular.org/" style="text-decoration: none;">Vitamin C</a> is safe, is not a cause of "stones" (C can actually help dissolve them), and is "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS). It is recognized by the FDA to be safe and it is usually compared to the toxicity of water. Water and vitamin C are critical for human health, and generally considered non-toxic. No reports of death by vitamins are known.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;"><b>Vitamin C May Be A Life-Saver: </b>Mega-doses Can Counter Avian Flu, Hepatitis & Herpes, And Control Advance Of AIDS<br />By Jane Feinmann - The Independent - UK, 4-14-5</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;">Imagine that a deadly virus is sweeping the world, killing and maiming hundreds of thousands of children. Nothing seems able to stop it - until a doctor stands up at the American Medical Association and reports on 60 cases involving severely infected children, all of whom have been cured. Yet his work, subsequently reported in a peer-review journal, is ignored, leaving the virus to wreak havoc for decades.<br /><br />This isn't a docudrama about some futuristic plague - it's a true story about what happened in June 1949 when polio was at its peak. <b>Dr Frederick Klenner</b>, a clinical researcher from Reidsville, North Carolina, reported that a massive intravenous dose of Vitamin C - up to 20,000mg daily for three days (today's recommended daily allowance is 60mg) - had cured 60 of his patients. The findings were published in a medical journal, yet there was virtually no interest. Apart from a couple of minor trials, no attempt was made to find out if they had any scientific substance.<br /><br />Relating this curious incident in a new book, Vitamin C, Infectious Diseases & Toxins: Curing the Incurable, Dr Thomas Levy, a US cardiologist, admits to being gripped by a range of emotions when he came across Klenner's work and other studies that replicated it. "To know that polio had been easily cured yet so many people continued to die, or survived to be permanently crippled by it, was difficult to accept."<br /><br />Levy argues that the medical profession has routinely ignored research showing that high doses of Vitamin C can combat bacteria, toxins and severe viral infections including avian flu, SARS, hepatitis and herpes. And this is not a case of doctors sniffing at anecdotal evidence from a handful of enthusiasts. "Vitamin C is possibly the best-researched substance in the world. There are more than 24,000 papers and articles on the authoritative clinical website, Medline. Yet virtually the all the evidence has been dismissed." Levy even claims that Aids can be controlled if a high enough dosage of Vitamin C is maintained.<br /><br />This is not the first time doctors have had their cages rattled over the benefits of Vitamin C. The controversy has been simmering since 1753, when just a couple of sucks of a lime were shown to prevent scurvy. In the 1950s the chemist Linus Pauling, a double Nobel prize-winner, promoted the use of mega-doses of Vitamin C, but his research was rubbished by clinicians.<br /><br />Recently, the anti-Vitamin C sentiment has grown. It has been blamed for causing the formation of kidney stones, and a study published in the journal Science in 2001 found that even 200mg doses of Vitamin C "facilitated the production of DNA-damaging agents associated with a variety of cancers". This finding was widely interpreted as proving that Vitamin C causes cancer.<br /><br />Britain's Food Standards Agency recommends taking a maximum of 1,000mg of Vitamin C a day. But a directive going through the European Parliament aims to reduce this to less than 100mg in an attempt to harmonise dosages across the Continent. Despite being dubbed "illegal" by the advocate general of the European Court of Justice last week, the directive could still be passed.<br /><br />The controversy has not put off consumers, many of whom take Vitamin C to ward off colds. The 1,000 mg capsule is the most popular single vitamin in Britain, with the 500mg version second.<br /><br />Some people argue that we can get sufficient Vitamin C from a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, but Levy disagrees. The problem, he says, is that a genetic design fault makes us unable to synthesise our own Vitamin C. Levy claims that while recommended daily allowances of 60mg are enough to prevent the development of scurvy in otherwise healthy people, much higher levels are required to maintain health when an infection strikes. At such times, the body begins to "metabolise unusually large amounts of vitamin C, keeping stores so depleted that the recommended daily allowance will not even prevent many of the symptoms of scurvy from developing".<br /><br />Levy claims that the reason why most animals stay healthy throughout their lives, while humans spend years coping with one or more chronic diseases, is that animals make their own Vitamin C. The wild goat, for instance, makes around 13,000mg a day, rising to 100,000mg when faced with life-threatening infectious or toxic stress, according to a 1961 study published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.<br /><br />So, is Levy right? Should everyone be taking mega-doses every day and having intravenous infusions when they fall ill? Possibly.<br /><br />Dr Rodney Adeniyi-Jones regularly gives 20,000mg doses to people with arterial disease and as part of a flu treatment protocol, describing its effects as "beneficial... but not miraculous". And Professor George Lewith of the Centre for Complementary and Integrated Medicine says that while Vitamin C is not a panacea, it does have clinical benefits depending on the dosage. "There may be doses that are therapeutic, while another dose may be damaging for the same condition. It is not a dose-response curve as with pharmaceuticals, and we need to be cautious until this is better understood."<br /><br />But he also warns that: "Many of the [Vitamin C] trials have been badly done and what evidence exists is mixed. Both those in favour and against high doses frequently misinterpret the data."<br /><br />Levy may well be seen to have an axe to grind, yet the evidence seems to support his view that apart from causing diarrhoea, mega-doses of Vitamin C are not toxic. He says that a series of studies published in leading journals have shown that, far from causing cancer, Vitamin C is a safe supplement for chronic cancer patients. Further large studies suggest that supplements do not put a normal person at greater risk of developing kidney stones.<br /><br />According to Levy, the problem is not that people might take too much, but that they won't take enough - and thus won't get the desired effects. "There's a popular medical view that taking Vitamin C just makes expensive urine. Some of it is lost in urine, but the more you consume, the more stays in your body."<br /><br />With a new book on the way claiming that Vitamin C deficiency is also a primary cause of cardiovascular disease, Levy cannot be accused of underselling his case. Nor can he overcome the fact that proper clinical trials are still desperately needed. Considering its overall safety, there appears to be no good reason why anyone with a chronic or acute health problem should not try, at the very least, a couple of week's regime of two or three 1,000mg tablets of Vitamin C a day.<br /><br /><b>Need to Know: So how much should you take?</b><br /><br />For a cold - Three 1,000mg doses a day, according to the campaign group Consumers for Health Choice.<br /><br />For flu - Although it's more serious, the viral load is similar, according to research, and taking up to 20,000mg a day could be beneficial.<br /><br />For shingles - Research has shown that this painful post-viral condition can be pretty well cured by an injection of 3,000mg of vitamin C. Taking four 1,000mg tablets orally for three days could be worthwhile as well.<br /><br />For a hangover - Taking 1,000mg daily in the week before a booze-up reduces stress on the liver. If you're drunk and want to look sober, a large dose of vitamin C will prevent drunken behaviour, according to a 1986 study, "Alcohol and Alcoholism".<br /><br />To maintain your health - A 1,000mg daily dose is regarded as safe by the Food Standards Agency, and adequate to keep sufficient vitamin C in the plasma and tissues. "We believe this is absolutely safe and definitely beneficial to people's health," says Sue Croft of Consumers for Health Choice.<br /><br />©2005 Independent News & Media (UK) Ltd.</span><span style="color: #006600; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/health_medical/story.jsp?story=628538"><span style="color: black;">http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/health_medical/story.jsp?story=628538</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><i><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dr. Klenner</span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">'s Clinical Guide to the Use of Vitamin C is now posted in its entirety at </span></i></span><span style="color: #006600; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.seanet.com/~alexs/ascorbate/198x/smith-lh-clinical_guide_1988.htm"><i><span style="color: black;">http://www.seanet.com/~alexs/ascorbate/198x/smith-lh-clinical_guide_1988.htm</span></i></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;">The complete text of <b>Irwin Stone</b>'s book The Healing Factor is now posted for free reading at </span></i><span style="color: #006600; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://vitamincfoundation.org/stone/"><i><span style="color: black;">http://vitamincfoundation.org/stone/</span></i></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: x-small;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><b><a href="http://www.orthomed.com/" style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Dr. Robert Cathcart</span></a></b></span></div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-54954282856385902572014-08-28T06:30:00.001-07:002014-08-28T06:30:08.866-07:00Glutathione And Cancer Cell Death<h2 style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize;">
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<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Posted on:</em> March 3rd, 2014 <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by</em> emagid <a class="comments-link" href="http://gaynoroncology.com/glutathione-and-cancer-cell-death/#respond" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Comment on Glutathione and Cancer Cell Death">No Comments</a></div>
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Cancer is so prevalent that either you or someone you know has been diagnosed with cancer. As a result, most people are familiar with the various types of cancer treatments. Surgery, drugs, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are probably the most well-known cancer treatments.</div>
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Studies have shown that glutathione attacks cancer cells and even reduces the adverse effects of other cancer treatments. A study published in the <i style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">International Journal of Cancer</i> showed the effects of exogenous glutathione in ovarian cancer cells.¹ The study’s findings show that extracellular glutathione triggers DNA damage in cancer cells resulting in apoptosis (cell death). In my practice, IV glutathione is part of the tailored treatments for patients with cancer and other medical conditions.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">What is glutathione?</b></div>
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Glutathione is a powerful, abundant nutrient that is plentiful throughout the body, and it’s highly concentrated in the liver. The liver is an amazing multitasking organ that performs hundreds of functions in the body—one being detoxification. The body is constantly under assault from toxic exposures in the environment to normal physiological processes like metabolism. During metabolism, food is broken down to produce energy, which also creates dangerous byproducts called free radicals. These free radicals frantically search for other molecules in the body to latch onto in an effort to stabilize itself—basically, one free radical begets another free radical. In doing so, a cascade of free radicals is generated that results in damaged tissues.</div>
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To neutralize these toxins, the liver is equipped with protective antioxidants that eliminate these harmful substances via a two-step process. In the liver, the first step involves enzymes that target the chemical bonds of specific toxins. The second step involves a different set of enzymes (glutathione being one of them) that attaches to the toxins broken up in the first phase. Of the enzymes involved in the liver’s two-step detoxification process, glutathione is critical in stopping foreign substances from causing harm in the body. The liver is a breeding ground for toxic chemicals, which is why glutathione and other enzymes work hard to protect it.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Are There Glutathione Food Sources?</b></div>
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Absolutely! People can consume a wide variety of fruits and vegetables that contain glutathione: grapefruits, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, zucchini, and potatoes. While the list goes on, it’s hard to maintain the adequate stores of glutathione through food alone. Consider the daily exposures the body undergoes from the air we breathe to the processed foods we eat—toxins are inescapable. As a result, supplements help to boost the body’s stores of important nutrients. And this is where the administration of IV glutathione can help bolster the body’s antioxidant stores.</div>
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Intravenous glutathione has been shown to trigger cancer cell death (making it a phenomenal therapy to use since cancer cells are known to grow uncontrollably). The administration of IV glutathione has been found to significantly reduce the neurotoxic effects associated with chemotherapy, without diminishing the efficacy of chemotherapy. It also binds and removes heavy metal toxins like lead and mercury from the body. With so many important functions in the body, it surprising that this potent antioxidant doesn’t take center stage in discussions of disease prevention and treatment.</div>
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In my practice, IV glutathione infusions are used to treat patients with cancer as well as other medical conditions, such as heavy metal exposures, neurodegenerative diseases, and poor immune function.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Reference:</b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.</b> Perego P, Gatti L, Carenini N, Dal Bo L, Zunino F. Apoptosis induced by extracellular glutathione is mediated by H2O2 production and DNA damage.<i style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">International Journal of Cancer. </i>2000;87(3):343-348.</div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-26899636482229886142014-08-27T18:13:00.000-07:002014-08-27T18:13:16.566-07:00What is Lecithin?<table border="0" cellpadding="15" cellspacing="0" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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<strong><br />E322 in more detail</strong>...<br />
For food use in Europe, Lecithin must comply with E322, and is defined as follows:<br />
A mixture of phospholipids (phosphatides) obtained by physical procedures from animal or vegetable foodstuffs; they also include hydrolysed products obtained through the use of harmless and appropriate enzymes. The final product must not show any signs of residual enzyme activity.<br />
The lecithins may be slightly bleached in aqueous medium by means of hydrogen peroxide. This oxidation must not chemically modify the phospholipids.<br />
In order to comply with E322, regular lecithin must have a minimum of 60% of substances insoluble in acetone. Hydrolysed lecithins must have a minimum of 56% of substances insoluble in acetone.<br />
<strong>Commercial sources of Lecithin</strong><br />
The dominant source of lecithin globally has always been and is still the soya bean. It should be noted, however, that the primary drivers for the soya bean industry are the need for soya meal for animal feed and for soya oil. The lecithin component of the soya bean constitutes approximately 0.5% of the bean; for most crushers this is classed as no more than a minor by-product.<br />
More recently there is substantial growth in the attractiveness of lecithins from sunflower and rapeseed.<br />
This growth is driven primarily by two key factors:<br />
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<li><em><strong>The continued and growing demand for certified, non-GM material</strong></em></li>
<li><em><strong>A wish to avoid any possibility of allergens</strong></em></li>
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<strong>What makes Lecithin special?</strong><br />
Lecithin is the only natural emulsifier. It is comprised of a mixture of 5 phospholipids:<br />
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<strong>Phosphatidylcholine </strong>(PC)<br />
<strong>Phospahtidylethanolamine</strong> (PE)<br />
<strong>Phosphatidylinositol</strong> (PI)<br />
<strong>Phosphatidylserine </strong>(PS)<br />
<strong>Phosphatidic Acid </strong>(PA)</div>
These polar lipids are the active ingredients (or business end) of what is collectively known as lecithin. In simple terms they are water-loving fats, which means that they have the special ability to make phases, which otherwise would not mix, mix homogeneously.<br />
<strong>Types Of Lecithin</strong><br />
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Besides the different origins of lecithin, the products can be made available in the following 4 forms:<br />
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<li>Fluid lecithin dispersed on a powdered carrier</li>
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In addition to this, under E322, fluid lecithin can also be hydrolysed.<br />
Hydrolysed lecithin is an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsifier as opposed to regular or native lecithin, which promotes water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions.<br />
Hydrolysed Lecithin is produced by enzymatic hydrolysis by means of phospholipases in order to increase the hydrophilic – lipophilic balance (HLB) of regular lecithin from 3-4 to 7-8 in the case of standard hydrolysis, or even to 9-10 for highly hydrolysed specialties.<br />
Different lecithin grades are used for various applications for emulsification purposes depending on the desired effect and product composition.</td></tr>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-79155929197240955602014-08-27T18:12:00.001-07:002014-08-27T18:12:51.037-07:00Soy Lecithin: From Sludge to Profit <br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Excerpt from Kaayla Daniel's book: The Whole Soy Story: The Dark Side of America's Favorite Health Food (New Trends, Spring 2004).</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Lecithin is an emulsifying substance that is found in the cells of all living organisms. The French scientist Maurice Gobley discovered lecithin in 1805 and named it "lekithos" after the Greek word for "egg yolk." Until it was recovered from the waste products of soybean processing in the 1930s, eggs were the primary source of commercial lecithin. Today lecithin is the generic name given to a whole class of fat-and-water soluble compounds called phospholipids. Levels of phospholipids in soybean oils range from 1.48 to 3.08 percent, which is considerably higher than the 0.5 percent typically found in vegetable oils, but far less than the 30 percent found in egg yolks.1-6</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Out of the Dumps</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Soybean lecithin comes from sludge left after crude soy oil goes through a "degumming" process. It is a waste product containing solvents and pesticides and has a consistency ranging from a gummy fluid to a plastic solid. Before being bleached to a more appealing light yellow, the color of lecithin ranges from a dirty tan to reddish brown. The hexane extraction process commonly used in soybean oil manufacture today yields less lecithin than the older ethanol-benzol process, but produces a more marketable lecithin with better color, reduced odor and less bitter flavor.7</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Historian William Shurtleff reports that the expansion of the soybean crushing and soy oil refining industries in Europe after 1908 led to a problem disposing the increasing amounts of fermenting, foul-smelling sludge. German companies then decided to vacuum dry the sludge, patent the process and sell it as "soybean lecithin." Scientists hired to find some use for the substance cooked up more than a thousand new uses by 1939.8</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Today lecithin is ubiquitous in the processed food supply. It is most commonly used as an emulsifier to keep water and fats from separating in foods such as margarine, peanut butter, chocolate candies, ice cream, coffee creamers and infant formulas. Lecithin also helps prevent product spoilage, extending shelf life in the marketplace. In industry kitchens, it is used to improve mixing, speed crystallization, prevent "weeping," and stop spattering, lumping and sticking. Used in cosmetics, lecithin softens the skin and helps other ingredients penetrate the skin barrier. A more water-loving version known as "deoiled lecithin" reduces the time required to shut down and clean the extruders used in the manufacture of textured vegetable protein and other soy products.9,10</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">In theory, lecithin manufacture eliminates all soy proteins, making it hypoallergenic. In reality, minute amounts of soy protein always remain in lecithin as well as in soy oil. Three components of soy protein have been identified in soy lecithin, including the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, which has a track record of triggering severe allergic reactions even in the most minuscule quantities. The presence of lecithin in so many food and cosmetic products poses a special danger for people with soy allergies.11-13</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Lec Is In: The Making of a Wonder Food</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Lecithin has been touted for years as a wonder food capable of combating atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, liver cirrhosis, gall stones, psoriasis, eczema, scleroderma, anxiety, tremors and brain aging. Because it is well known that the human body uses phospholipids to build strong, flexible cell membranes and to facilitate nerve transmission, health claims have been made for soy lecithin since the 1920s. Dr. A. A. Horvath, a leading purveyor of soybean health claims at the time, thought it could be used in "nerve tonics" or to help alcoholics reduce the effects of intoxication and withdrawal. In 1934, an article entitled "A Comfortable and Spontaneous Cure for the Opium Habit by Means of Lecithin" was written by Chinese researchers and published in an English language medical journal.14</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Lecithin, though, did not capture the popular imagination until the 1960s and 1970s when the bestselling health authors Adelle Davis, Linda Clark and Mary Ann Crenshaw hyped lecithin in their many books, including Let’s Get Well, Secrets of Health and Beauty and The Natural Way to Super Beauty: Featuring the Amazing Lecithin, Apple Cider Vinegar, B-6 and Kelp Diet.15-17</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Lecithin did not become a star of the health food circuit by accident. Research took off during the early 1930s, right when lecithin production became commercially viable. In 1939, the American Lecithin Company began sponsoring research studies, and published the most promising in a 23-page booklet entitled Soybean Lecithin in 1944. The company, not coincidentally introduced a health food cookie with a lecithin filling known as the "Lexo Wafer" and a lecithin/wheat germ supplement called Granulestin. In the mid 1970s, Natterman, a lecithin marketing company based in Germany, hired scientists at various health clinics to experiment with lecithin and to write scientific articles about it. These "check book" scientists coined the term "essential phospholipids" an inaccurate term since a healthy body can produce its own phospholipids from phosphorous and lipids.18</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">In September 2001, lecithin got a boost when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized products containing enough of it to bear labels such as "A good source of choline." Producers of soy lecithin hope to find ways to help the new health claim lift demand for lecithin and increase prices in what has been a soft market. Eggs, milk and soy products are the leading dietary sources of choline, according to recent research conducted at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and at Duke University.19-21</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Lec That's More: Phosphatidyl Choline (PC)</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Because many lecithin products sold in health food stores contain less than 30 percent choline, many clinicians prefer to use the more potent Phosphatidylcholine (PC) or its even more powerful derivative drug Glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (GPC). Both are being used to prevent and reverse dementia, improve cognitive function, increase human growth hormone (hGH) release, and to treat brain disorders such as damage from stroke. PC and GPC may help build nerve cell membranes, facilitate electrical transmission in the brain, hold membrane proteins in place, and produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.22-24 However, studies on soy lecithin, PC, and brain aging have been inconsistent and contradictory ever since the 1920s. Generally, lecithin is regarded as safe except for people who are highly allergic to soy. However, the late Robert Atkins, MD, advised patients not to take large doses of supplemental lecithin without extra vitamin C to protect them from the nitrosamines formed from choline metabolism. Trimethylamine and dimethylamine, which are metabolized by bacteria in the intestines from choline, are important precurors to N-nitrosodimethylamine, a potent carcinogen in a wide variety of animal species.25-27</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Phosphatidyl Serine (PS)</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Phosphatidyl serine (PS) -- another popular phospholipid that improves brain function and mental acuity – nearly always comes from soy oil. Most of the scientific studies proving its efficacy, however, come from bovine sources, which also contain DHA as part of the structure.28-31 Plant oils never contain readymade DHA. Indeed, the entire fatty acid structure is different; bovine derived PS is rich in stearic and oleic acids, while soy PS is rich in linoleic and palmitic acids.32 Complicating matters further, the PS naturally formed in the human body consists of 37.5 percent stearic acid and 24.2 percent arachidonic acid.33 Yet soy-derived PS seems to help many people.34-36</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Russell Blaylock, MD, author of Excitotoxins, the Taste that Kills, explains that the probable reason PS works is because its chemical structure is similar to that of L-glutamate, the trouble-making neurotransmitter, amino acid and excitotoxin that exists in high concentration in MSG (monosodium glutamate), HVP (hydrolyzed vegetable protein) and "natural flavorings" and foods containing these soy derivatives. (See Chapter 11.) Because PS competes with glutamate, it may protect us from glutamate toxicity.37 Ironically, the expensive soy-derived supplement PS is being used to undo damage that may be caused in part by the cheap soy in processed foods</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE)</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), another phosphatidyl substance commercially extracted from soybeans, for use as a fruit ripener and shelf-life extender. LPE – once called cephalin -- is now being used to treat grapes, cranberries, strawberries, blueberries, apples, tomatoes, and cut flowers.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">When applied to fruits that are nearly ripe – going into puberty, so to speak -- LPE promotes ripening. When applied to picked fruit or cut flowers that are already ripe or blooming, however, it will "reduce senescence by inhibiting some of the enzymes involved in membrane breakdown." This can dramatically extend shelf life.38 Whether the substance could also keep human bodies fresh for funeral home viewings has not yet been investigated.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">REFERENCES</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Smith, Allan K and Circle, Sidney J. Soybeans: Chemistry and Technology, Vol 1, Proteins (Westport CT, Avi, 1972) 79.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Berk, Zeki. Technology of production of edible flours and protein products from soybeans. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 97, 14.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Nash AM, Eldridge AC, Wolf WJ. Fractionation and characterization of alcohol extractions associated with soybean proteins: nonprotein components. J Agr Food Chem, 1967, 15, 1, 106-108.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Shurtleff, William and Aoyagi, Akiko. What Is Lecithin? Chapters 1-6 from History of Soy Lecithin. In Soyfoods: Past, Present and Future. Unpublished manuscript, (Lafayette, CA, Soyfoods Center, 1981).</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Wood and Allison, Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems, Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), 1981.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Liu, KeShun. Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, Utilization (Gaithersburg, MD, Aspen, 1999) 32.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Shurtleff.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Shurtleff.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Berk.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Shurtleff.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Gu X, Beardslee T et al. Identification of IgE-binding proteins in soy lecithin. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2001, 126, 3, 218-225.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Mortimer EZ. Anaphylaxis following ingestion of soybean. Pediatr, 1961, 58, 90-92.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Moroz LA, Yang WH. Kunitz soybean trypsin-inhibitor: a specific allergen in food anaphylaxis N Engl J Med, 1980, 302, 1126-1128.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Shurtleff.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Davis, Adelle. Let’s Get Well (NY, Signet/New American Library, 1965).</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Clark, Linda. Secrets of Health and Beauty (NY, Jove, 1969).</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Crenshaw, Mary Ann. The Natural Way to Super Beauty (NY, Dell, 1974).</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Shurtleff.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Lecithin demand poised to gain on choline health claims. Chemical Business NewsBase, Chemical Market Reporter via NewsEdge Corporation 10/8/2201 posted on</span><a class="bbc_link" href="http://www.soyatech.com/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(168, 182, 207); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #334466; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.soyatech.com</a><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> FDA clears health claim for choline. National Press Club, Washington, DC.PR Newswire via NewsEdge Corporation. Posted 9/10/2201 on </span><a class="bbc_link" href="http://www.soyatech.com/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(168, 182, 207); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #334466; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.soyatech.com</a><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Soy products --high in choline -- win labeling right. News Observer, Raleigh, NC via NewsEdge Corporation, posted 9/12/2201 </span><a class="bbc_link" href="http://www.soyatech.com/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(168, 182, 207); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #334466; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.soyatech.com</a><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Amenta F, Parnetti L et al. Treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer’s disease with cholinergic precursors. Ineffective treatments or inappropriate approaches? Mech Ageing Dev, 2001, 122, 16, 2025-2040.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Ceda GP, Ceresini G et al. Alpha-Glycerylphosphyorylcholine administration increases the GH responses to gHR of young and elderly subjects. Horm Metab Res, 1992, 24, 3, 119-121.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Parnetti L et al. Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. Mec Ageing Dev, 2001, 122, 16, 2041-2055.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Atkins, Robert. Dr. Atkins’ Vita-Nutrient Solution (Simon and Schuster, 1998). 78-80.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Zeisel SH, Gettner S, Youssef M. Formation of aliphatic amine precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine after oral administration of choline and choline analogues in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol, 1989, 27, 1, 31-34.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Fiume Z. Final report on the safety assessment of lecithin and hydrogenated lecithin. Int J Toxicol, 2001, 20, Suppl 1, 21-45.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Gelbmann CM, Muller WE. Chronic treatment with phosphatidylserine restores muscarinic cholinergic receptor deficits in the aged mouse brain. Neurobiol Aging, 1992, 3, 1, 45-50.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Crook TH, Tinklenberg J et al. Effects of phyosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology, 1991, 41, 5, 644-699.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Crook T, Petrie W et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacol Bull, 1992, 28, 1, 61-66.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Monteleone P, Beinat L et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine on the neuroendocrine respone to physical stress in humans. Neuroendocrinology, 1990, 52, 3, 243-248.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Sakai M, Yamatoya H, Kudo S. Pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine enzymatically synthesized from soybean lecithin on brain function in rodents. J. Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1996, 42, 1, 47-54.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Enig, Mary. Know Your Fats (Silver Spring, MD, Bethesda Press, 2000), 60-61.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Blokland A, Honig W, et al. Cognition-enhancing properties of subchronic phosphatidylserine (PS) treatment in middle-aged rats: comparison of bovine cortex PS with egg PS and soybean PS. Nutr, 1999, 15, 10, 778-783.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Schreiber S, Kampf-Sherf O et al. An open trial of plant-source derived phosphatydilserine for treatment of age-related cognitive decline. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci, 2000, 37, 4, 302-307.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Sakai, Yamatoya, Kudo.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Blaylock, Ralph. Not just another scare: toxin additives in your food and drink. Radiant Life International Health Related Articles. </span><a class="bbc_link" href="http://www.radiantlife.com/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(168, 182, 207); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #334466; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.radiantlife.com</a><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;" /><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> Ripening agent made from soy granted EPA approval. Nutra-Park Inc., Madison, WI. Business wire via NewsEdge Corporation posted 4/4/2002 on </span><a class="bbc_link" href="http://www.soyatech.com/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(168, 182, 207); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #334466; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.soyatech.com</a><span style="background-color: #fff9ef; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">.</span>The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-30895289848269475312014-08-27T04:32:00.002-07:002014-08-27T04:32:28.863-07:00The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)<div id="bluebar" style="background-image: none; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; height: 80px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 5px 0px 0px 28px;">
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In the rapidly expanding market of dietary supplements, it is possible to find vitamin C in many different forms with many claims regarding its efficacy or<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#bioavailable" style="color: #6699ff;">bioavailability</a>. Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient (or drug) becomes available to the target tissue after it has been administered. We reviewed the literature for the results of scientific research on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C.</div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="natural"></a>Natural vs. synthetic ascorbic acid</span></div>
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Natural and synthetic L-ascorbic acid are chemically identical, and there are no known differences in their biological activity. The possibility that the bioavailability of L-ascorbic acid from natural sources might differ from that of synthetic ascorbic acid was investigated in at least two human studies, and no clinically significant differences were observed. A study of 12 males (6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers) found the bioavailability of synthetic ascorbic acid (powder administered in water) to be slightly superior to that of orange juice, based on blood levels of ascorbic acid, and not different based on ascorbic acid in <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#leukocytes" style="color: #6699ff;">leukocytes</a> (white blood cells) <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#reference" style="color: #6699ff;">(1)</a>. A study in 68 male nonsmokers found that ascorbic acid consumed in cooked broccoli, orange juice, orange slices, and as synthetic ascorbic acid tablets are equally bioavailable, as measured by <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#plasma" style="color: #6699ff;">plasma</a> ascorbic acid levels <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref2" style="color: #6699ff;">(2, 3)</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="tablet"></a>Different forms of ascorbic acid</span></div>
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The <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#gastrointestinal" style="color: #6699ff;">gastrointestinal</a> absorption of ascorbic acid occurs through an active transport process, as well as through passive diffusion. At low gastrointestinal concentrations of ascorbic acid active transport predominates, while at high gastrointestinal concentrations active transport becomes saturated, leaving only passive diffusion. In theory, slowing down the rate of stomach emptying (e.g., by taking ascorbic acid with food or taking a slow-release form of ascorbic acid) should increase its absorption. While the bioavailability of ascorbic acid appears equivalent whether it is in the form of powder, chewable tablets, or non-chewable tablets, the bioavailability of ascorbic acid from slow-release preparations is less certain. </div>
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A study of three men and one woman found 1 gram of ascorbic acid to be equally well absorbed from solution, tablets, and chewable tablets, but the absorption from a timed-release capsule was 50% lower. Absorption was assessed by measuring urinary excretion of ascorbic acid after an intravenous dose of ascorbic acid and then comparing it to urinary excretion after the oral dosage forms <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref4" style="color: #6699ff;">(4)</a>.</div>
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A more recent study examined the plasma levels of ascorbic acid in 59 male smokers supplemented for two months with either 500 mg/day of slow-release ascorbic acid, 500 mg/day of plain ascorbic acid, or a <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#placebo" style="color: #6699ff;">placebo</a>. After two months of supplementation no significant differences in plasma ascorbic acid levels between the slow-release and plain ascorbic acid groups were found <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref5" style="color: #6699ff;">(5)</a>. A second placebo-controlled trial also evaluated plain ascorbic acid versus slow-release ascorbic acid in 48 male smokers <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref6" style="color: #6699ff;">(6)</a>. Participants were supplemented with either 250 mg plain ascorbic acid, 250 mg slow-release ascorbic acid, or placebo twice daily for four weeks. No differences were observed in the change in plasma ascorbate concentration or area under the curve following ingestion of either formulation.</div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="mineral"></a>Mineral ascorbates</span></div>
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<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#minerals" style="color: #6699ff;">Mineral</a> salts of ascorbic acid (mineral ascorbates) are <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#buffer" style="color: #6699ff;">buffered</a>, and therefore, less <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#acidic" style="color: #6699ff;">acidic</a>. Thus, mineral ascorbates are often recommended to people who experience <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#gastrointestinal" style="color: #6699ff;">gastrointestinal</a> problems (upset stomach or diarrhea) with plain ascorbic acid. There appears to be little scientific research to support or refute the claim that mineral ascorbates are less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract. When mineral salts of ascorbic acid are taken, both the ascorbic acid and the mineral appear to be well absorbed, so it is important to consider the dose of the mineral accompanying the ascorbic acid when taking large doses of mineral ascorbates. For the following discussion, it should be noted that 1 gram (g)= 1,000 milligrams (mg) and 1 milligram (mg) = 1,000 micrograms (mcg). Mineral ascorbates are available in the following forms:</div>
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<li style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 0px;"><span align="left" style="font-weight: 700;">Sodium ascorbate:</span> 1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate generally contains 111 mg of sodium. Individuals following low-sodium diets (e.g., for high blood pressure) are generally advised to keep their total dietary sodium intake to less than 2,500 mg/day. Thus, megadoses of vitamin C in the form of sodium ascorbate could significantly increase sodium intake (see <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/sodium/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;" target="_top">Sodium Chloride</a>). </li>
<li style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Calcium ascorbate:</span> Calcium ascorbate generally provides 90-110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. Calcium in this form appears to be reasonably well absorbed. The recommended dietary calcium intake for adults is 1,000 to 1,200 mg/day. Total calcium intake should not exceed the<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#ul" style="color: #6699ff;">UL</a>, which is 2,500 mg/day for adults aged 19-50 years and 2,000 mg/day for adults older than 50 years (see <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/calcium/index.html#safety" style="color: #6699ff;" target="_top">Calcium</a>).</li>
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The following mineral ascorbates are more likely to be found in combination with other mineral ascorbates, as well as other minerals. It's a good idea to check the labels of dietary supplements for the ascorbic acid dose as well as the dose of each mineral. Recommended dietary intakes and maximum upper levels of intake (when available) are listed after the individual mineral ascorbates below: </div>
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<li style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 0px;"><span align="left" style="font-weight: 700;">Potassium ascorbate:</span> The minimal requirement for potassium is thought to be between 1.6 and 2.0 g/day. Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of potassium, and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may provide as much as 8 to 11 g/day. Acute and potentially fatal potassium toxicity (hyperkalemia) is thought to occur at a daily intake of about 18 g/day of potassium in adults. Individuals taking potassium-sparing diuretics and those with renal insufficiency (kidney failure) should avoid significant intake of potassium ascorbate. The purest form of commercially available potassium ascorbate contains 0.175 grams (175 mg) of potassium per gram of ascorbate (see<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/potassium/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;" target="_top">Potassium</a>).</li>
<li style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Magnesium ascorbate:</span> The recommended dietary allowance (<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#rda" style="color: #6699ff;">RDA</a>) for magnesium is 400-420 mg/day for adult men and 310-320 mg/day for adult women. The upper level (<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#ul" style="color: #6699ff;">UL</a>) of intake for magnesium <u>from supplements</u> should not exceed 350 mg/day (see <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/magnesium/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;" target="_top">Magnesium</a>).</li>
<li style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Zinc ascorbate:</span> The RDA for zinc is 11 mg/day for adult men and 8 mg/day for adult women. The upper level (UL) of zinc intake for adults should not exceed 40 mg/day (see <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/zinc/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;" target="_top">Zinc)</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Molybdenum ascorbate:</span> The RDA for molybdenum is 45 micrograms (mcg)/day for adult men and women. The upper level (UL) of molybdenum intake for adults should not exceed 2,000 mcg (2 mg)/day (see <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;" target="_top">Molybdenum</a>).</li>
<li style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Chromium ascorbate: </span>The recommended dietary intake (<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#ai" style="color: #6699ff;">AI</a>) for chromium is 30-35 mcg/day for adult men and 20-25 mcg/day for adult women. A maximum upper level (UL) of intake has not been determined by the US Food and Nutrition Board (see <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/chromium/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;" target="_top">Chromium</a>).</li>
<li style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 3px; padding-left: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Manganese ascorbate: </span>The recommended dietary intake (AI) for manganese is 2.3 mg/day for adult men and 1.8 mg/day for adult women. The upper level (UL) of intake for manganese for adults should not exceed 11 mg/day. Manganese ascorbate is found in some preparations of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, and following the recommended dose on the label of such supplements could result in a daily intake exceeding the upper level for manganese (see <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/manganese/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;" target="_top">Manganese</a>).</li>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="bioflavonoid"></a>Vitamin C with bioflavonoids</span></div>
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Bioflavonoids or <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/flavonoids/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;">flavonoids</a> are polyphenolic compounds found in plants. Vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, are often rich sources of flavonoids as well. The effect of bioflavonoids on the bioavailability of ascorbic acid has been recently reviewed <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref7" style="color: #6699ff;">(7)</a>.</div>
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Results from the 10 clinical studies comparing the absorption of vitamin C alone or vitamin C in flavonoid-containing foods showed no appreciable differences in bioavailability of ascorbic acid. Only one study, which included five men and three women, found that a 500-mg supplement of synthetic ascorbic acid, given in a natural citrus extract containing bioflavonoids, proteins, and carbohydrates, was more slowly absorbed and 35% more bioavailable than synthetic ascorbic acid alone, when based on plasma levels of ascorbic acid <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref8" style="color: #6699ff;">(8)</a>. The remaining studies showed either no change or slightly lower plasma ascorbate levels in subjects who consumed vitamin C with flavonoids compared to flavonoids alone <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref7" style="color: #6699ff;">(7)</a>.</div>
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Another assessment of vitamin C bioavailability is measuring urinary ascorbate levels to approximate rates of vitamin C excretion. One study in six young Japanese males (22-26 years old) showed a significant reduction in urinary excretion of ascorbic acid in the presence of acerola juice, a natural source of both vitamin C and flavonoids <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref9" style="color: #6699ff;">(9)</a>. However, three separate studies showed that urinary levels of vitamin C were increased after consumption of kiwifruit <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref10" style="color: #6699ff;">(10)</a>, blackcurrant juice <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref11" style="color: #6699ff;">(11)</a>, or orange juice <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#reference" style="color: #6699ff;">(1)</a>. Overall, the impact of flavonoids on the bioavailability of vitamin C seems to be negligible; however, there is a need for carefully controlled studies using specific flavonoid extracts <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref7" style="color: #6699ff;">(7)</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="metabolite"></a>Ascorbate and vitamin C metabolites (Ester-C<sup style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup>)</span></div>
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Ester-C<sup style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup> contains mainly calcium ascorbate, but also contains small amounts of the vitamin C metabolites, dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized ascorbic acid), calcium threonate, and trace levels of xylonate and lyxonate. In their literature, the manufacturers state that the metabolites, especially threonate, increase the bioavailability of the vitamin C in this product, and they indicate that they have performed a study in humans that demonstrates the increased bioavailability of vitamin C in Ester-C<sup style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup>. This study has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal. A small published study of vitamin C bioavailability in eight women and one man found no difference between Ester-C<sup style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup> and commercially available ascorbic acid tablets with respect to the absorption and urinary excretion of vitamin C <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref12" style="color: #6699ff;">(12)</a>. Ester-C<sup style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup> should not be confused with ascorbyl palmitate, which is also marketed as "vitamin C ester" (see below).</div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="palmitate"></a>Ascorbyl palmitate</span></div>
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Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat-soluble <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#antioxidant" style="color: #6699ff;">antioxidant</a> used to increase the shelf life of vegetable oils and potato chips <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref13" style="color: #6699ff;">(13)</a>. It is an amphipathic molecule, meaning one end is water-soluble and the other end is fat-soluble. This dual solubility allows it to be incorporated into <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#cell membrane" style="color: #6699ff;">cell membranes</a>. When incorporated into the cell membranes of human red blood cells, ascorbyl palmitate has been found to protect them from oxidative damage and to protect alpha-tocopherol (a fat-soluble antioxidant) from oxidation by free radicals <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref14" style="color: #6699ff;">(14)</a>. However, the protective effects of ascorbyl palmitate on cell membranes have only been demonstrated in the test tube. Taking ascorbyl palmitate orally probably doesn't result in any significant incorporation into cell membranes because most of it appears to be hydrolyzed (broken apart into palmitate and ascorbic acid) in the human digestive tract before it is absorbed. The ascorbic acid released by the hydrolysis of ascorbyl palmitate appears to be as bioavailable as ascorbic acid alone <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref15" style="color: #6699ff;">(15)</a>. The presence of ascorbyl palmitate in oral supplements contributes to the ascorbic acid content of the supplement and probably helps protect fat-soluble antioxidants in the supplement. The roles of vitamin C in promoting collagen synthesis and as an antioxidant have generated interest in its use on the skin (see the article,<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/skin/vitaminC/index.html" style="color: #6699ff;"><span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;">Vitamin C and Skin Health</span></a>). Ascorbyl palmitate is frequently used in topical preparations because it is more stable than some aqueous (water-soluble) forms of vitamin C <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref16" style="color: #6699ff;">(16)</a>. Ascorbyl palmitate is also marketed as vitamin C ester," which should not be confused with Ester-C<sup style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup> (see above).</div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="iso"></a>D-Isoascorbic acid (Erythorbic acid)</span></div>
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Erythorbic acid is an <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#isomers" style="color: #6699ff;">isomer</a> of ascorbic acid. Isomers are compounds that have the same kinds and numbers of atoms, but different molecular arrangements. The difference in molecular arrangement among isomers may result in different chemical properties. Erythorbic acid is used in the US as an antioxidant food additive and is generally recognized as safe. It has been estimated that more than 200 mg erythorbic acid per capita is introduced daily into the US food system. Unlike ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid does not appear to exert vitamin C activity, for example, it did not prevent scurvy in guinea pigs (one of the few animal species other than humans that does not synthesize ascorbic acid). However, guinea pig studies also indicated that increased erythorbic acid intake reduced the bioavailability of ascorbic acid by up to 50%. In contrast, a series of studies in young women found that up to 1,000 mg/day of erythorbic acid for as long as 40 days was rapidly cleared from the body and had little effect on the bioavailability of ascorbic acid, indicating that erythorbic acid does not diminish the bioavailability of ascorbic acid in humans at nutritionally relevant levels of intake <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref17" style="color: #6699ff;">(17)</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="other_forms"></a>Other formulations of vitamin C</span></div>
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PureWay-C<sup style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup> is composed of vitamin C and <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#lipids" style="color: #6699ff;">lipid</a> <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#metabolite" style="color: #6699ff;">metabolites</a>. Two cell culture studies using PureWay-C<sup style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup> have been published by the same investigators<a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref18" style="color: #6699ff;">(18, 19)</a>, but <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#in vivo" style="color: #6699ff;"><i style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">in vivo</i></a> data are currently lacking. A small study in healthy adults found that <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#serum" style="color: #6699ff;">serum</a> levels of vitamin C did not differ when a single oral dose (1 gram) of either PureWay-C<sup style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: normal;">®</sup> or ascorbic acid was administered <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html#ref20" style="color: #6699ff;">(20)</a>.</div>
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Another formulation of vitamin C, liposomal-encapsulated vitamin C (e.g., Lypo-spheric™ vitamin C) is now commercially available. However, data regarding the bioavailability of liposomal-encapsulated vitamin C are not currently available.</div>
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Large-scale, <a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/glossary.html#pharmacokinetic" style="color: #6699ff;">pharmacokinetic</a> studies are needed to determine how the bioavailability of these vitamin C formulations compares to that of ascorbic acid.</div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="reference"></a><a href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/formrefs.html" style="color: #6699ff;">References</a></span></div>
<div align="center" style="font-family: verdana, geneva, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.33em;">
Last updated 11/27/13 Copyright 2000-2014 Linus Pauling Institute</div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-49912165798983684412014-08-22T02:21:00.000-07:002014-08-22T02:21:00.600-07:00<div class="miniprofile" style="background-color: #404448; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-bottom-left-radius: 14px; border-bottom-right-radius: 14px; border-top-left-radius: 14px; border-top-right-radius: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(80, 88, 96); color: #c0c8d0; float: none; font-family: Ubuntu, 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 0.65em; height: auto; line-height: 1.1em; margin: 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 4px 10px; width: 178px;">
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posted on Jan, 6 2013 @ 10:03 PM</div>
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The fabulous thread created by ATS Member “dominicus" <a class="postlink" href="http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread846311/pg1" style="color: #c0d8f0; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">I Make My own liposomal Vitamin C This Stuff is Amazing </a>has grown so large there have been requests for a summary – so here you go!<br />
<br />
First I want to thank dominicus for bringing this amazing information to ATS because it can be life changing for some! And thanks to MegaMind for his contributions in recipes and experimentations!<br />
<br />
He was inspired by this article: <a class="postlink" href="http://www.naturalnews.com/034591_vitamin_C_mega-dose_healing.html" style="color: #c0d8f0; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Vitamin C Mega Dosing Continues to Unleash Healing Miracles Around the World</a><br />
<br />
<br />
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<h2>
The mechanics of liposomal encapsulated vitamin C</h2>
<br />
<br />
Cardiologist and orthomolecular specialist Dr. Thomas Levy discovered exactly why the clinical results of this type of oral C could match the efficacy of many times as much vitamin C by IV.<br />
<br />
Dr. Levy was skeptical at first. He has treated thousands of patients with IV C and is seriously involved with orthomolecular (high dose vitamin treatment) medicine. He couldn't believe what was happening with this oral C compound's ability to match or surpass clinical results with much higher doses of IV C.<br />
<br />
He came to realize that the combination of vitamin C and essential phospholipids radically improved cellular bioavailability. Less than 20 percent of IV C gets into cells. But the Lypo-Spheric compound permits 90 percent of the C to get into cells. That's because cell walls are made of fats. Vitamin C is water soluble.<br />
<br />
Tiny particles of vitamin C coated with phospholipids create molecules of vitamin C coated with a substance similar to the cell walls. Thus those coated vitamin C molecules can slip into the cells easily. The encapsulation also avoids diarrhea thresholds of normal oral C.<br />
<br />
Though not nearly as expensive, and much more accessible than IV C treatments, the product might not fit long term use on a low budget. So make your own! The homemade version might be slightly less than 90 percent bio-available to your cells.</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
You can buy Liposomal on the internet but it is fairly expensive. This thread is all about making your own at home which is extremely inexpensive!<br />
<br />
And this video:<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/twUVWv0fpRc?rel=0&autoplay=0" style="height: 318.515625px; left: 28.859375px; position: absolute; right: auto; width: 490.703125px;" width="550"></iframe></div>
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<br />
<h2>
RECIPE</h2>
<br />
Stainless Steel Ultrasonic Jewelry Cleaner<br />
Soy or Sunflower Lecithin<br />
100% Pure Ascorbic Acid = Vitamin C<br />
Distilled Water (No tap water because of contaminations)<br />
Blender or better a Braun Hand Held Mixer because it blends better<br />
<br />
First of all, at least 30 minutes before you start blending anything, you should:<br />
<br />
1.) Pour 3 TBsp Lecithin into 1 cup distilled water and soak at room temperature. Within 25 minutes all the granules should be soft. This is important, do not skip.<br />
<br />
2.) In a blender or a narrow, tall (over 7 inch tall) container for a stick or immersion blender, blend the soaked Lecithin for a few minutes. This will blend quickly.<br />
<br />
3.) Dissolve the 1 TBsp of Vitamin C crystals in ½ cup of COOL water. Keep stirring until all the crystals disappear. This is important, do not skip.<br />
<br />
4.) Combine the Lecithin and Vit C mixtures together with the blender.<br />
<br />
5.) Make sure the interior of the sonic cleaner is clean. Fill to max line and run. Change water. Repeat until you feel it’s clean. Do NOT use ANY cleaners, other than natural vinegar. Empty & wipe dry.<br />
<br />
6.) Pour the blended emulsion into the sonic cleaner. Keep the lid open, use a plastic straw or non-reactive implement for stirring (something that has not been used for anything else). I sat down in front of the sonic cleaner on the counter with a timer. I set the timer for 30 minutes and kept stirring. Do not skip.<br />
<br />
This is where the magic happens. Stirring makes sure as much of the liquid as possible is exposed closely to the sonic element where the encapsulation process happens.<br />
<br />
At the end of 30 minutes, all the foam has disappeared.<br />
When done you will have a mix that is about the color of milk. There will be some settling but shouldn't be much, less than 5% of the mix or so.<br />
<br />
When done, pour mix into a reseal able GLASS jar and store in your refrigerator.<br />
This protocol furnishes about 12 grams (12000mg.) of vitamin C product.<br />
At 70% encapsulation efficiency, 8400 mg would be of the LET type. This<br />
solution will keep, acceptably, at room temperature for 3 to 4 days.<br />
<br />
Refrigerated, it will keep much longer. We use it so fast around our<br />
place...there isn't enough left to be concerned over storage. The<br />
" homogenizing effect " is so powerful that after 3 days at room temperature,<br />
no precipitation or solution separation appears evident.<br />
<br />
Dosage: Take on an empty stomach, preferably 1 hour before you eat and don’t eat for 30 minutes after. Dosage varies… from a couple of teaspoons 2 times a day to 1-2 oz. shots 2-3 times a day. You can use the same recipe for Glutathione as well. If you start to get a headache that lasts more than a day, you could either be detoxing or you are having a reaction to the Soy Lecithin and should switch to Sunflower.<br />
<br />
<br />
Half-way down the page see post by RogerT3 with his instructions and photos of each step.<br />
<a class="postlink" href="http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread846311/pg32#pid14281252" style="color: #c0d8f0; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">RogerT Post</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<a class="postlink" href="http://www.quantumbalancing.com/liposomalC.htm" style="color: #c0d8f0; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">How to Make Liposomal Vitamin C </a><br />
*This link also includes a PH balanced recipe.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a class="postlink" href="http://www.pdazzler.com/archives/62" style="color: #c0d8f0; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Homemade Liposomal C </a><br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
FACTS/MYTHS</h2>
<br />
**** It is always good advice to consult your doctor before starting any new regimen and is not recommend for pregnant women.****<br />
<br />
Can you overdose on Mega Vitamin C and can it be toxic?<br />
Answer: No (Perhaps if you consume a stupid amount like a gallon)<br />
<br />
Does Liposomal Vitamin C cause diarrhea?<br />
Answer: Mostly No. At least not in moderate amounts. Mega doses of Vitamin C supplements (pills) will because your cells cannot absorb the over the counter supplements and too much in your stomach can cause problems.<br />
<br />
<h2>
BENEFITS</h2>
<br />
Mind clarity<br />
Easier to stay focused<br />
Better Vision<br />
Feeling of peacefulness<br />
More Energy<br />
Reduced hunger levels<br />
Weight Loss<br />
Prevents Radiation Damage<br />
Improved Joints<br />
Improved Hair<br />
Improved Skin<br />
Decreased Chronic back pain<br />
Decreased depression<br />
Decreased allergies<br />
Decreased PMS<br />
Lowered anxiety levels<br />
Better sleeping<br />
Easier to Wake in morning<br />
Hangover Cure<br />
Cures Flues and colds<br />
Cures Bird Flu<br />
Cures Cancer<br />
…and more<br />
<br />
ALSO THIS PAGE HAS EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW! THANKS TO 2SERIOUS FOR CREATING A PAGE SPECIFICALLY WITH ALL THE DIRECTIONS, RECIPES, TESTIMONIALS, ETC.<br />
<br />
<a class="postlink" href="http://liposomalc.wikispaces.com/Welcome" style="color: #c0d8f0; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Homemade Liposomal Vitamin C – Wiki Spaces Page by 2Serious </a><br />
<br />
....continued<br />
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edit on 6-1-2013 by Julie Washington because: (no reason given)</div>
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edit on 6-1-2013 by Julie Washington because: (no reason given)</div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-35440079707405289462014-08-22T02:20:00.001-07:002014-08-22T02:20:17.607-07:00Quality Liposomal Vitamin C <h1 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #719862; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, Arial; font-size: 3em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; text-shadow: none !important;">
Research Overview</h1>
<br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Liposomes were first described in 1961 and have since found use in everything from drugs to expensive skin creams. Their properties and associated manufacturing techniques have been extensively studied. </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Unfortunately, much of this research is not easy to read for the non-scientist.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Additionally, current research is focussed on binding various other chemicals to liposomes which themselves are created out of hybrid compounds to provide specific pharmaceutical properties. </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Thankfully, we’re interested only in creating simple liposomes from readily available non-toxic materials.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">The following are the key findings from my research into creating the best possible liposomal vitamin C.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br />
<h1 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #719862; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, Arial; font-size: 3em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; text-shadow: none !important;">
Liposomes are Easy to Make</h1>
<br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">It turns out that lecithin phospholipids really like to make liposomes!</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Despite the marketing material created by such companies as </span><a href="http://qualityliposomalc.com/styled/www.livonlabs.com" rel="self" style="color: #3e3ca6; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none !important;">LivOn Labs</a><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"> liposomes are actually very easy to make. You don’t need a high pressure injection system, or even an ultrasound machine! </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">LivOn Labs recently purchased the US patent number 20120171280A1 that is snappily named ‘</span><a href="http://www.google.com/patents/US20120171280" rel="self" style="color: #3e3ca6; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none !important;">Method of making liposomes, liposome compositions made by the methods, and methods of using the same</a><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">’. It describes a method of making better liposomes than LivOn Labs without the need for any specialized equipment!</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">The inventor, Yuanpeng Zhang, has a long history of working with liposomes and has a number of related patents to his name.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">The summary of his invention is that high quality liposomes may be created using only a blender, water, alcohol and vitamin C - and that these liposomes are better than the ones produced by LivOn Labs! </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">It’s no wonder that LivOn Labs purchased this patent! </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none !important;"><br style="text-shadow: none !important;" /></span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">This is fantastic news for all those people that need liposomal vitamin C but don’t have the resources to purchase expensive equipment or liposomal vitamin C directly from LivOn Labs.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none !important;"><br style="text-shadow: none !important;" />A legal disclaimer:</span><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"> my understanding is that if you’re in the United States (where this patent is valid) then you shouldn’t attempt to use the method described in this patent without approval from Livon Labs.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">It is typically impossible for the home manufacturer to validate that they have created liposomes. However, I’m fortunate that I have access to a biological research lab and have used their microscopes to confirm liposome creation. The following is a picture of the liposomes that have been created using the </span><a href="http://qualityliposomalc.com/styled-3/index.html" rel="self" style="color: #3e3ca6; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none !important;" title="Process">Process</a><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"> described on this website. The picture is a little odd looking because the attached camera was broken and I had to use a standard ‘point-and-shoot’ camera. </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br />
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<img alt="liposomes" class="imageStyle" height="276" src="http://qualityliposomalc.com/styled/files/liposomes.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none !important; vertical-align: middle;" width="500" /><br style="text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bolder; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none !important;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none !important;">Liposomes we’ve created under a microscope</em></span><br style="text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="text-shadow: none !important;" /></div>
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Alcohol is Important</h1>
<br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">The majority of the liposomal vitamin C community is not aware that alcohol is very helpful in the creation of liposomes.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">It is well established that organic solvents help phospholipids form liposomes. While there are many dangerous organic solvents, the one we’re interested in is ethyl alcohol. This is the same type of alcohol that is in your beer, wine and vodka. Its safety has been established over many years and includes long term testing by the author of this website!</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">LivOn Labs is the current market leader in liposomal vitamin C. Their recipe includes 12% alcohol by weight as a ‘natural preservative’, however, it turns out that this alcohol is also key to creating liposomes.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">See the patent reference in the previous section for more detail.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br />
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Saturation Matters</h1>
<br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Every recipe I’ve read on the Internet calls for dissolving a relatively small amount of vitamin C in water. </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">For example, the original ‘</span><a href="http://www.vitamincfoundation.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=7499&start=15" rel="self" style="color: #3e3ca6; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none !important;">Brooks Bradley</a><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">’ recipe calls for dissolving 1 level tablespoon (about 6 grams) of vitamin C in a total of 1.5 cups of water. However, vitamin C solubility is 330 g/L which means that 124 grams of vitamin C will dissolve into that same 1.5 cups of water.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">By way of illustration, here is what the difference looks like. On the left is one level tablespoon of vitamin C (6 grams) and on the right is the total amount of vitamin C that will dissolve into that same 1.5 cups of water. There is </span><u style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;">twenty times</u><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"> more vitamin C on the right!</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><img alt="saturation" class="imageStyle" height="425" src="http://qualityliposomalc.com/styled/files/saturation.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none !important; vertical-align: middle;" width="600" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none !important;"><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none !important;">One tablespoon of vitamin C versus saturation levels of vitamin C</em></span><br />
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<br style="text-shadow: none !important;" />Since liposomes will encapsulate anything that is dissolved in water, you can make your liposomal vitamin C twenty times stronger without any other adjustments to your recipe. Wow!<br style="text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="text-shadow: none !important;" /></div>
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Lecithin Granule Amounts</h1>
<br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Most Internet recipes call for a relatively small amount of lecithin. </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">It is important that you use lecithin granules as they have very little soy protein and are higher in the components that actually make liposomes such as phosphatidylcholine.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Where I live it is difficult to source high phosphatidylcholine (PC) lecithin. My current source is 20kg boxes of Solec P from the Solae Company (a subsidiary of Du Pont). It has a 22% phosphatidylcholine content and seems to work well in my recipe.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">Generally you’ll want to use as many lecithin granules as possible as this provides the highest possible encapsulation of the vitamin C.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">The limiting factor is that the resulting mixture needs to be liquid enough at around 32°C that the ultrasound machine is able to drive out the bubbles that are created by the blending process. Bubbles in the liquid absorb ultrasonic energy and significantly reduce the amount of ultrasonic energy that goes into making liposomes.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br />
<h1 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #719862; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, Arial; font-size: 3em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; text-shadow: none !important;">
Dissolving Lecithin Granules</h1>
<br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">The lecithin granules take time in order to dissolve completely. Most Internet recipes call for soaking the lecithin granules in water overnight. </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">This idea is correct, however, by soaking in water you end up lowering the amount of vitamin C that will be encapsulated. </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">I recommend making the saturated solution of vitamin C, water and alcohol (as described in the</span><a href="http://qualityliposomalc.com/styled-3/index.html" rel="self" style="color: #3e3ca6; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none !important;" title="Process">Process</a><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"> section) and then dissolve the lecithin granules in this. Doing so will maximize the amount of vitamin C that will be encapsulated.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">I do the dissolving in a blender so that I can blend it five or six times over the course of 12 hours. Even if you don’t have an ultrasound machine this will significantly encapsulate the vitamin C as described in</span><a href="http://www.google.com/patents/US20120171280" rel="self" style="color: #3e3ca6; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none !important;">patent US 20120171280A1</a><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"> that was purchased by Livon Labs.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br />
<h1 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #719862; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, Arial; font-size: 3em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.3em; text-shadow: none !important;">
Ultrasonic Irradiation</h1>
<br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">In my experimentation the optimal temperature for creating liposomes is less than 32°C. When you get above 35°C the liposomes start breaking down and lower your encapsulation percentage. </span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">In my recipe I ultrasound above 32°C for the first round in order to drive out bubbles in the liquid. Removing these bubbled improves the ultrasonic energy that is used to create liposomes. After this first round I ultrasound below 32°C to optimize liposome creation.</span><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><br style="color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; text-shadow: none !important;" /><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">According to my research a total irradiation time of around an hour is optimal, however, at least ten minutes after you’ve driven out the bubbles should be sufficient depending on the power of your ultrasound machine.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #181818; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"><a href="http://qualityliposomalc.com/styled/index.html">Found here</a></span>The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-34454572674316695962014-07-21T11:52:00.002-07:002014-07-21T11:54:53.004-07:00Lesson 4: Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion and Types of Decomposition<blockquote>
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<strong>Lesson 4:</strong></div>
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<strong>Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion and<br />Types of Decomposition</strong></div>
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<strong><span style="color: red;">Objective</span></strong></div>
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In this lesson we will answer the following question:</div>
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<li>Is aerobic and anaerobic digestion?</li>
<li>What occurs in each of these processes?</li>
<li>What are the three types of decomposition, and what occurs in each of these processes?</li>
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<strong><span style="color: red;">Reading Assignment</span></strong></div>
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Read online lecture and Chapter 4 in textbook, <em>Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Vol. 1.</em></div>
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<strong><span style="color: red;">Lecture</span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="color: blue;">Introduction</span></strong></div>
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<strong>Microorganisms </strong>, like all living things, <strong>require food for growth </strong>. Biological sewage treatment consists of a step-by-step, continuous, sequenced attack on the organic compounds found in wastewater and upon which the microbes feed.</div>
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In the following sections we will look at the processes of <strong>aerobic </strong>and <strong>anaerobic </strong><strong>digestion </strong>and the <strong>decomposition </strong>of waste in each process.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: blue;">Aerobic Digestion</span></strong></div>
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Aerobic digestion of waste is the natural biological degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environments break down and digest the waste.</div>
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During oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water (H 2 O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (microorganisms). By operating the oxygen supply with <strong>aerators, </strong>the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all the biological treatment methods, aerobic digestion is the most widespread process that is used throughout the world.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: #006600;">Biological and chemical oxygen demand</span></strong></div>
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<strong>Aerobic bacteria </strong>demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria; therefore the demand for oxygen will be high.</div>
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<strong>The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) </strong>is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in <strong>mg/l.</strong></div>
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<strong>The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) </strong>measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants than can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in <strong>mg/l.</strong></div>
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The <strong>BOD/COD </strong>gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: #006600;">Advantages of Aerobic Digestion</span></strong></div>
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<strong>Aerobic bacteria </strong>are very efficient in breaking down waste products. The result of this is; aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality that that obtained in anaerobic processes. The aerobic pathway also releases a substantial amount of energy. A portion is used by the microorganisms for synthesis and growth of new microorganisms.</div>
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<img src="http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/changes/Feat11_picI-3.jpg" height="303" width="404" /><br />
<span style="color: black;">Path of Aerobic Digestion</span></div>
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<span style="color: #006600;"><strong>Aerobic Decomposition</strong></span></div>
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A biological process, in which, organisms use available organic matter to support biological activity. The process uses organic matter, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen, and produces stable solids, carbon dioxide, and more organisms. The microorganisms which can only survive in aerobic conditions are known as aerobic organisms. In sewer lines the sewage becomes anoxic if left for a few hours and becomes anaerobic if left for more than 1 1/2 days. Anoxic organisms work well with aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Facultative and anoxic are basically the same concept.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: #006600;">Anoxic Decomposition</span></strong></div>
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A biological process in which a certain group of microorganisms use chemically combined oxygen such as that found in nitrite and nitrate. These organisms consume organic matter to support life functions. They use organic matter, combined oxygen from nitrate, and nutrients to produce nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, stable solids and more organisms.<br />
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<strong><span style="color: blue;">Anaerobic Digestion</span></strong></div>
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Anaerobic digestion is a complex biochemical reaction carried out in a number of steps by several types of microorganisms that require little or no oxygen to live. During this process, a gas that is mainly composed of methane and carbon dioxide, also referred to as biogas, is produced. The amount of gas produced varies with the amount of organic waste fed to the digester and temperature influences the rate of decomposition and gas production.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: #006600;">Anaerobic digestion occurs in four steps:</span></strong></div>
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• <strong>Hydrolysis </strong>: Complex organic matter is decomposed into simple soluble organic molecules using water to split the chemical bonds between the substances.</div>
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• <strong>Fermentation or Acidogenesis: </strong>The chemical decomposition of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or molds in the absence of oxygen.</div>
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• <strong>Acetogenesis: </strong>The fermentation products are converted into acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide by what are known as acetogenic bacteria.</div>
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• <strong>Methanogenesis: </strong>Is formed from acetate and <strong></strong>hydrogen/carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria.</div>
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The acetogenic bacteria grow in close association with the methanogenic bacteria during the fourth stage of the process. The reason for this is that the conversion of the fermentation products by the acetogens is thermodynamically only if the hydrogen concentration is kept sufficiently low. This requires a close relationship between both classes of bacteria.</div>
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The anaerobic process only takes place under strict anaerobic conditions. It requires specific adapted bio-solids and particular process conditions, which are considerably different from those needed for aerobic treatment.</div>
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<img src="http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/changes/Feat11_picII-1.jpg" height="360" width="480" /></div>
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Path of Anaerobic Digestion</div>
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<strong><span style="color: #006600;">Advantages of Anaerobic Digestion</span></strong></div>
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Wastewater pollutants are transformed into methane, carbon dioxide and smaller amount of bio-solids. The biomass growth is much lower compared to those in the aerobic processes. They are also much more compact than the aerobic bio-solids.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: #006600;">Anaerobic Decomposition</span></strong></div>
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<strong></strong>A biological process, in which, decomposition of organic matter occurs without oxygen. Two processes occur during anaerobic decomposition. First, facultative acid forming bacteria use organic matter as a food source and produce volatile (organic) acids, gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, stable solids and more facultative organisms. Second, anaerobic methane formers use the volatile acids as a food source and produce methane gas, stable solids and more anaerobic methane formers. The methane gas produced by the process is usable as a fuel. The methane former works slower than the acid former, therefore the pH has to stay constant consistently, slightly basic, to optimize the creation of methane. You need to constantly feed it sodium bicarbonate to keep it basic. </div>
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<strong><span style="color: red;">Review</span></strong></div>
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The aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic process helps prepare the waste for decomposition by attacking the organic compounds that in wastewater. In aerobic decomposition the only microorganisms that can survive are the aerobic organisms. In anoxic decomposition the microorganisms use chemically combined oxygen that is found in nitrite and nitrate. In this process the organisms consume the organic matter to help support their life functions. In the first stage of anaerobic decomposition, acid forming bacteria use the organic matter for food which produces volatile gases, acids and facultative organisms. Second stage methane formers use the volatile acids as a food source and that produces more gases. This gas can be used as fuel.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: red;">Assignment</span></strong></div>
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Answer the following questions and email your answers to <a href="mailto:rcooke@mecc.edu" style="color: #006600; text-decoration: none;">rcooke@mecc.edu</a>.</div>
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<ol>
<li>What occurs in aerobic and anaerobic digestion?</li>
<li>What do aerobic bacteria demand for decomposition of pollutants?</li>
<li>How are BOD and COD measured?</li>
<li>List two advantages of aerobic digestion?</li>
<li>What is aerobic decomposition?</li>
<li>What is anoxic decomposition?</li>
<li>List the four steps in anaerobic digestion and explain each.</li>
<li>List two advantages of anaerobic digestion.</li>
<li>What is formed in the first and second stages of anaerobic decomposition?</li>
<li>What must be feed in anaerobic decomposition to keep the pH constant?</li>
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<strong><span style="color: red;">Quiz</span></strong></div>
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Answer the questions for the <a href="http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/quiz4.htm" style="color: #006600; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Lesson 4 Quiz</a>. When you have completed the quiz, you may email or fax it to your instructor. You may also take the quiz online and directly submit into the databas</div>
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http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/lesson4b.htm</div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-60049167433534262932014-07-18T15:52:00.001-07:002014-07-18T15:52:47.568-07:00Photosynthesis and the Reef Aquarium, Part I: Carbon Sources<table align="center" style="width: 730px;"><tbody>
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<img border="2" height="200" src="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/images/randy2c.jpg" title="Reef Alchemy by Randy Holmes-Farley" width="268" /></div>
<div class="article_title" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.26em;">
<span><b>Photosynthesis and the Reef Aquarium,<br />Part I: Carbon Sources</b></span></div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">P</span>hotosynthesis is the process whereby organisms take in light energy and convert it into useful chemical energy. It is a critically important process in most reef aquaria, but one which most aquarists pay little attention to, aside from the recognized importance of having appropriate lighting. This article is the first in a series that looks at photosynthesis in reef aquaria from a chemical perspective. Such chemical issues, for example, include how organisms get the raw materials for photosynthesis, whether aquarists need to "supplement" those, how organisms eliminate the "waste" products of photosynthesis, what are the chemical implications of too much or too little light, how calcification in corals and clams relates to photosynthetic efficiency, what the biochemical machinery is for collecting light and converting it into energy, and how organisms have evolved these processes in relation to their natural habitats.</div>
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The answers to these questions can have an important bearing on husbandry practices in ways that reef aquarists might not have considered. In particular, topics covered in this article include whether the pH or alkalinity of an aquarium or a refugium might impact the rate of photosynthesis, and whether aquarists should consider the availability of carbon dioxide to photosynthesizing organisms.</div>
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The most simplified chemical equation describing photosynthesis is:</div>
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carbon dioxide + water + light <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span></span> carbohydrate plus oxygen</div>
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or in a chemical formula:</div>
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CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span></span> CH<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub></div>
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This article deals primarily with the first reactant in this equation, carbon dioxide. The processes leading to the uptake of carbon dioxide by photosynthesizing marine organisms are an active area of research, with most of the relevant publications in this area being released only in the past five years. It turns out that the symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) inside corals and clams<span><sup>1</sup></span> are a special case in terms of carbon dioxide acquisition due to the surrounding host animal, as well as the significant amount of calcification taking place in the same organism. Because <a href="http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/apr2002/chem.htm" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">photosynthesis and calcification may be chemically interrelated</a>, the special aspects of photosynthesis in symbiotic and calcifying organisms will be detailed in a future article.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.26em;">
Freshwater aquarists caring for brightly-lit planted aquaria have long known the<a href="http://www.drsfostersmith.com/pic/article.cfm?dept_id=&aid=765" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"> importance of CO<sub>2</sub></a>, and often <a href="http://www.drsfostersmith.com/pic/article.cfm?dept_id=&aid=441" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">add carbon dioxide directly</a> to the aquarium water in one way or another to supply those tanks' substantial need for this material. Reef aquarists, on the other hand, might have just as much or more photosynthesis taking place, but rarely worry about adding carbon dioxide. Why? That's one of the topics to be detailed in subsequent sections of this article. The answer is not that seawater contains more CO<sub>2</sub> than does freshwater, but rather that seawater contains other chemicals that can, in some cases, be used to supply carbon dioxide.</div>
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The contents of this article are:</div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#1" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#2" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Carbon Dioxide in Seawater</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#3" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Obtaining Carbon Dioxide as Carbon Dioxide: Passive Uptake</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#4" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Obtaining Carbon Dioxide: Concentrating Mechanisms</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#5" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Obtaining Carbon Dioxide as Carbon Dioxide: Active Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#6" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Obtaining Carbon Dioxide from Bicarbonate: Carbonic Anhydrase</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#11" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Obtaining Carbon Dioxide from Bicarbonate: Direct Uptake</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#12" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Obtaining Carbon Dioxide from Bicarbonate: Proton Pumping</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#21" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Photosynthesis of Macroalgae as a Function of pH</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#12a" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Photosynthesis of Algae Relative to Their Natural Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#13" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Photosynthesis of Algae in Continuous Light vs. Light/Dark Cycles</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#14" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Implications for Reef Aquarium Husbandry</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#19" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Summary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-10/rhf/index.php#20" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">References</a></li>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1"></a>Introduction</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">M</span>any organisms in a reef aquarium rely on photosynthesis to survive. These include diatoms, green hair algae, cyanobacteria, macroalgae, <i>Tridacna</i> clams and most corals and anemones that aquarists maintain. In the case of clams, corals and anemones, this photosynthesis is actually carried out by symbiotic organisms (zooxanthallae) that live within the tissue of the host animal. In every case, however, the cells that photosynthesize need to incorporate carbon dioxide somehow, and they excrete oxygen.</div>
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Sometimes obtaining adequate carbon dioxide is easy for photosynthesizing organisms, and sometimes it is difficult, requiring them to develop special mechanisms to obtain it rapidly enough. In order to understand how this happens in a reef aquarium, it is first necessary to understand what happens to carbon dioxide when it dissolves into seawater.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2"></a>Carbon Dioxide in Seawater</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">C</span>arbon dioxide is an interesting molecule. When it dissolves into water it can take a number of different forms. Even the rate at which it can move between some of these forms impacts how organisms must develop special mechanisms to be able to take up enough during rapid photosynthesis.</div>
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Carbon dioxide is present at about 350 ppm in normal air. It was lower in the past, and has been steadily rising for the past 100 years or so, largely due to the burning of fossil fuels. A liter of air weighs about 1.3 grams, so at 350 ppm carbon dioxide, that liter of air contains about 0.00046 grams (0.5 mg) of carbon dioxide. This very low amount, coupled with the kinetic issues (i.e., the slowness) of carbon dioxide's entry into seawater, explains why it is often difficult to keep reef aquarium water aerated enough to keep the pH from rising when processes such as photosynthesis or the addition of<a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2005-01/rhf/index.php" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">limewater</a> consume carbon dioxide.</div>
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When a gas phase carbon dioxide molecule enters water, it is initially hydrated to carbonic acid:</div>
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CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span></span> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></div>
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That hydration process is surprisingly slow because it's an actual chemical reaction, as shown schematically below:</div>
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The time for half of the CO<sub>2</sub> molecules added to water to hydrate is on the order of 23 seconds. That rate is slow enough that many organisms have developed enzymes to speed it up. Carbonic anhydrase, for example, catalyzes the hydration and the reverse reaction (dehydration) to allow organisms to process carbon dioxide more rapidly. It is used by a wide array of organisms, from algae to people. In people, it is important in allowing carbon dioxide gas to be expelled from the lungs. Without it, the carbonic acid in the lung tissues would not convert rapidly enough to gaseous CO<sub>2</sub> to permit it to be adequately expelled by breathing.</div>
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The carbonic acid that is formed when carbon dioxide hydrates can then very quickly equilibrate into the water's carbonate buffer system, converting into both bicarbonate and carbonate by releasing protons (H<span><sup>+</sup></span>):</div>
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The conversions between carbonic acid, bicarbonate and carbonate are much faster than the hydration of carbon dioxide and for most purposes can be considered instantaneous. Consequently, carbonic acid, bicarbonate and carbonate are in equilibrium with each other at any given point in time. The primary factor that determines the relative amount of each species at equilibrium in seawater is the pH, with a<a href="http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/mar2002/chem.htm" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">small temperature effect</a> as well.</div>
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In order to assess whether an organism requiring CO<sub>2</sub> could benefit from any of the forms besides CO<sub>2</sub>itself, it is useful to understand how much of each is present in seawater. Seawater contains about 670 times more unhydrated carbon dioxide than the hydrated version (carbonic acid). At most pH values attained in a reef aquarium, however, bicarbonate is far more prevalent than carbon dioxide.</div>
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Using the <a href="http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/dec2002/chem.htm" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">known pKa values</a> for carbonic acid and bicarbonate in seawater, we can proceed to determine exactly how much of each form is present in seawater as a function of pH. The relevant chemical equations and pKa values are:</div>
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CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ß</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span></span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> + H<sup>+</sup> pKa = 5.85</div>
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HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ß</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span></span> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>--</sup>+ H<sup>+</sup> pKa = 8.92</div>
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These pKa values imply that seawater at pH 5.85 contains equal concentrations of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, and that seawater at pH 8.92 contains equal concentrations of bicarbonate and carbonate. Figure 1 shows data calculated for all three species as a function of pH in seawater. From this graph, it is clear that if getting carbon dioxide itself is limiting at pH 8.2, it might be more efficient to get it from bicarbonate because so much more is present. In fact, roughly 200 times more bicarbonate than carbon dioxide is present in seawater at pH 8.2. In most reef aquaria the bicarbonate is present at between 2 and 4 mM (millimolar = meq/L), or about 122 to 244 mg/L bicarbonate. For comparison, carbon dioxide is much lower, on the order of 0.01 mM (0.5) mg/L at pH 8.2. Interestingly, that value of 0.5 mg/L for carbon dioxide in seawater is almost exactly the same as the concentration of carbon dioxide in air.</div>
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<span class="imagetext" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b>Figure 1.</b> Relative fraction of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid (black), bicarbonate (white) and carbonate (red) in seawater as a function of pH.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3"></a>Obtaining Carbon Dioxide as Carbon Dioxide: Passive Uptake</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">C</span>arbon dioxide is able to cross cell membranes because it is a small uncharged molecule with reasonable solubility in organic materials. Consequently, organisms that take up carbon dioxide can do so passively (without spending any energy) and with no special mechanisms (such as proteins designed to speed up that process). Many marine algae and other organisms take up some measurable portion of the carbon dioxide that they incorporate during photosynthesis by this process.</div>
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In most cases, however, this process can account for only a portion of the demand for carbon dioxide. The rate at which carbon dioxide is used by rapidly photosynthesizing organisms is fast enough that organisms can deplete the carbon dioxide in the surrounding seawater faster than it can be replaced by diffusion and other transport mechanisms through the seawater. The depletion is readily observed by the pH in the near surface regions of these organisms, where the pH rises due to carbon dioxide loss. For this reason many marine organisms have developed other means of obtaining carbon dioxide, including processes involving bicarbonate.<span><sup>2</sup></span></div>
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Freshwater algae, on the other hand, can sometimes obtain all of their required carbon dioxide by passive uptake.<span><sup>3</sup></span> While a review of such literature is unnecessary in this article, I'll give one example. The freshwater chrysophyte alga, <i>Mallomonas papillosa</i>, has been shown to have none of the more sophisticated mechanisms for carbon dioxide uptake that are described later in this article, and it relies on simple passive uptake. For this reason it has been shown to photosynthesize most effectively where carbon dioxide concentrations are high, at pH 5-7.<span><sup>4</sup></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="4"></a>Obtaining Carbon Dioxide: Concentrating Mechanisms</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">A</span>s mentioned above, few marine organisms have been shown to rely solely on passive carbon dioxide uptake, but the carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms are often unknown. As stated in a review article<span><sup>5</sup></span> in 2005, marine diatoms fix more than 10 billion tons of carbon by photosynthesis each year, but "there are still a number of fundamental unresolved aspects of inorganic carbon assimilation by marine diatoms. It is not clear how the carbon-concentrating mechanism functions."</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5"></a>Obtaining Carbon Dioxide as Carbon Dioxide: Active Transport</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">C</span>arbon dioxide can be actively transported across cell membranes by protein transporters. This process does not solve the problem of low levels of available carbon dioxide in the surrounding seawater, but it can ensure that uptake itself is not a limiting factor, and may be especially useful in environments where carbon dioxide is plentiful (implying low pH environments in seawater).</div>
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The two marine dinoflagellates, <i>Amphidinium carterae</i> Hulburt and <i>Heterocapsa oceanica</i> Stein, demonstrate active uptake of carbon dioxide (or carbonic acid), but not bicarbonate.<span><sup>6</sup></span> Because this mechanism is fundamentally limited in its effectiveness, it has been speculated that these organisms may be CO<sub>2</sub>-limited in their natural environment.<span><sup>7</sup></span></div>
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Two marine haptophytes, <i>Isochrysis galbana</i> Parke and <i>Dicrateria inornata</i> Parke, demonstrate active uptake of both carbon dioxide (or carbonic acid) and bicarbonate (described below).<span><sup>6,8</sup></span></div>
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The marine diatom <i>Skeletonema costatum</i><span><sup>9</sup></span> has been shown to have little capability of using bicarbonate to obtain carbon dioxide. It does, however, show active uptake mechanisms for carbon dioxide, and this capability depends on light levels. In higher light levels, the diatom shows higher affinity for carbon dioxide. This capability can be attained within two hours of exposure to high light, and slowly fades over a period of about 10 hours when returned to low light levels (where less carbon dioxide uptake is required). Presumably, the organism is producing a carbon dioxide transport protein when light levels are high and carbon dioxide is needed in large amounts, and it halts that production (allowing the transporters to slowly decline in population) when they are not needed. High ambient levels of carbon dioxide also repress the expression of its high affinity for carbon dioxide uptake. Apparently, this diatom spends the energy to take up carbon dioxide actively only when it is actually necessary to do so, and relies on diffusion when it can.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="6"></a>Obtaining Carbon Dioxide from Bicarbonate: Carbonic Anhydrase</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">I</span>f an organism is to obtain carbon dioxide from bicarbonate, several potential processes are available, and different organisms take different approaches. In many cases, the exact mechanisms have not been established. It is much easier to show that bicarbonate is a source of carbon dioxide for marine organisms than to show exactly how they take it up. A bicarbonate ion, being charged and insoluble in organic phases, cannot readily diffuse across cell membranes, so other mechanisms are needed.</div>
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Such uncertainty of mechanism is the case for <i>Ulva lactuca</i>, for example. It has been shown to be able to photosynthesize when out of the water (say, exposed at low tide), taking up carbon dioxide directly, and also when in the water, taking up bicarbonate.<span><sup>10</sup></span> But the exact mechanism of using bicarbonate to obtain carbon dioxide isn't known in this species.</div>
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One common way to use bicarbonate is for the cells exposed to the seawater to use extracellular carbonic anhydrase on their surfaces. As mentioned above, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid, respectively. These organisms present this enzyme to the bicarbonate-rich seawater surrounding them. Because the bicarbonate is naturally in rapid equilibrium with carbonic acid, and the carbonic anhydrase keeps the carbonic acid in rapid equilibrium with unhydrated carbon dioxide, the bicarbonate is used as a ready pool to supply carbon dioxide to passively cross cell membranes and be taken up (shown schematically below).</div>
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The agarophyte <i>Gracilaria lemaneiformis</i><span><sup>11</sup></span> has been shown to take up carbon in this fashion. It has carbonic anhydrase both inside the organism and out. Inhibiting either of these types of carbonic anhydrase greatly decreases photosynthesis, but adding an anion transport inhibitor does not. Adding TRIS buffer to the extracellular fluid (seawater) also has no effect (the purpose of which is discussed in the following section relating to proton pumping as a possible mechanism).</div>
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Photosynthesis in this organism is greatly reduced as the pH is raised (73% reduction when going from pH 8.0 to 9.0), presumably because the bicarbonate's propensity to form carbonic acid is reduced at higher pH.</div>
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The brown alga, <i>Hizikia fusiforme</i> (Sargassaceae),<span><sup>12</sup></span> from the South China Sea, has also been shown to exhibit carbonic anhydrase activity, both inside and out, and has been shown to be incapable of actively and directly transporting bicarbonate. Consequently, its carbon dioxide concentration likely operates by the mechanism shown above.</div>
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Two species of marine prymnesiophytes (<i>Dicrateria inornata</i> and <i>Ochrosphaera neapolitana</i>)<span><sup>13</sup></span> have been shown, through the use of various carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, to use extracellular carbonic anhydrase to collect carbon dioxide from ambient bicarbonate. They also employ an energy dependent process for taking up carbon dioxide itself. Growth in high carbon dioxide environments represses the expression of carbonic anhydrase active in these species, but does not reduce the active uptake of carbon dioxide.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="11"></a>Obtaining Carbon Dioxide from Bicarbonate: Direct Uptake</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">A</span>n alternative way to obtain carbon dioxide via seawater bicarbonate is to take up the bicarbonate through protein transport mechanisms across the cell membranes, and then once inside the cells where it is needed, carbonic anhydrase converts it into carbon dioxide and hydroxide ion. The hydroxide is then pumped out, or H<span><sup>+</sup></span> is pumped in, to achieve pH balance.</div>
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Transporting ions across cell membranes using protein transporters is a widespread mechanism whereby organisms can get needed ions across a membrane through which they do not normally diffuse. Some of these are active transporters, using chemical energy to "pull" ions out of the extracellular fluid (our push them out, as necessary), and other transporters simply allow specific ions to pass though from high concentration on one side to lower concentration on the other side.</div>
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The marine red alga <i>Gracilaria conferta</i> has been shown to have an active bicarbonate uptake mechanism.<span><sup>14</sup></span> Three marine bloom-forming (red tide) dinoflagellates, <i>Prorocentrum minimum</i>,<i>Heterocapsa triquetra </i>and <i>Ceratium lineatum</i>,<span><sup>15</sup></span> have been shown to take up bicarbonate directly. They show little carbonic anhydrase activity, yet bicarbonate accounts for approximately 80% of the carbon dioxide they use in photosynthesis. It is believed that these dinoflagellates are not carbon limited in photosynthesis due to their efficient direct bicarbonate uptake mechanisms.</div>
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The marine diatom <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i><span><sup>16</sup></span> was found not only to have an active bicarbonate uptake mechanism, but the researchers further identified at least two different mechanisms. In particular, they showed that part of the uptake depended on the presence of extracellular potassium, and this part of the total carbon dioxide uptake was eliminated when potassium was missing from the medium. A second direct bicarbonate uptake mechanism was independent of potassium, indicating the presence of at least two different pathways for transporting bicarbonate into this organism.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="12"></a>Obtaining Carbon Dioxide from Bicarbonate: Proton Pumping</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;"><span class="z" style="width: 12px;"></span>A</span>nother way to obtain carbon dioxide via seawater bicarbonate is to pump H<span><sup>+</sup></span> out of the cells into the extracellular fluid (seawater near the cells) or into a special cavity where bicarbonate is present.<span><sup>17</sup></span> This low pH causes the bicarbonate to become protonated to become carbonic acid. The carbonic acid can then transform into carbon dioxide, and pass across the cell membranes.</div>
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The seagrass <i>Zostera noltii</i> Hornem<span><sup>18</sup></span> has been shown, for example, to use proton pumping to gather bicarbonate in the form of carbonic acid from the water. It contains no extracellular carbonic anhydrase, but rather uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the fundamental currency of chemical energy in most organisms) to drive the export of H<span><sup>+</sup></span>. Evidence for this mechanism is found by adding a buffer to the seawater (TRIS) without changing the pH. This buffer keeps the pH near the cell surface constant, counteracting the beneficial effect of the proton pumping in lowering pH and converting bicarbonate into carbonic acid. The simple presence of a non-absorbed buffer in the water can decrease the rate of photosynthesis in this organism by almost 80%.</div>
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Interestingly, those seagrass specimens acclimated to high light (where high rates of photosynthesis and consequent uptake of bicarbonate would be highest) showed the greatest ability to actively take up bicarbonate. In high light experiments, these previously high light-acclimated specimens were shown to be only light limited, while the shade-acclimated organisms were both light and carbon limited when put into high light.<span><sup>18</sup></span> Other seagrass species (e.g., <i>Z. mulleri</i> and <i>Z. marina</i>) have been shown to have external carbonic anhydrase, and so may have different uptake mechanisms.<span><sup>18</sup></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="21"></a>Photosynthesis of Macroalgae as a Function of pH</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">O</span>ne of the side effects of the necessity of taking up carbon dioxide to photosynthesize is that pH may affect the rate of photosynthesis, because the amount of carbon dioxide (as CO<sub>2</sub> or H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) in the water varies with pH. Assuming constant carbonate alkalinity, the effect is quite strong. A drop of 0.3 pH units implies a doubling of the carbon dioxide concentration. A reef aquarium at pH 8.5, for example, has one fourth the carbon dioxide of a reef aquarium at pH 7.9, assuming the carbonate alkalinity is the same.</div>
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Aquarists may rightly wonder whether organisms are able to photosynthesize efficiently as the pH is raised. The answer is mixed. Some can and some cannot. Those organisms that rely solely on carbon dioxide may not. Those that rely on both carbon dioxide and bicarbonate have a better chance of retaining efficiency at higher pH because a much larger amount of bicarbonate is present, and it does not change as rapidly with pH over the range of interest to aquarists.</div>
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Table 1 shows the response of a variety of macroalgae in terms of their ability to photosynthesize at pH 8.1 and 8.7. In seawater with constant carbonate alkalinity, there is 20% as much carbon dioxide at pH 8.7 as at pH 8.1, so an organism relying on carbon dioxide alone might experience a large drop in photosynthetic rate over this range. Clearly, the response varies with species. <i>Chaetomorpha aerea</i>, in particular, may be of substantial interest to aquarists. It is not necessarily the exact species that many grow in refugia (which is unidentified as far as I can tell), but this species of <i>Chaetomorpha</i> shows a 25% drop in photosynthesis when exposed to the higher pH. That drop is not as large as some other species, but may still be important, and it is more than many other species of macroalgae.</div>
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Of course, the photosynthesis rate does not necessarily translate to growth rates. If other nutrients are limiting growth (nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, etc.), then it may not matter if the rate of photosynthesis is reduced at higher pH. But because these nutrients are often present in surplus in reef aquaria, it may well be that carbon uptake is limiting in some cases, and in those cases aquarists might benefit from ensuring that the pH is not too high.</div>
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<tr bgcolor="#006699"><td width="178"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Species of macroalgae:</span></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Relative photosynthesis at pH 8.7 compared to pH 8.1 (as a %):</span></span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Chaetomorpha aerea</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">75</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Cladophora rupestris</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">100</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Enteromorpha compressa</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">67</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Ulva rigida</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">100</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Codium fragile</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">76</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Asparagopsis armata</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">45</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Gelidium pusillum</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">33</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Gelidium sesquipedale</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">18</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Gymnogongrus </span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">sp.</span></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">39</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Osmunda pinnatifida</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">46</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Porphyra leucosticta</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">110</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Fucus spiralis</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">86</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Colpomenia sinuosa</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">100</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Dictyota dichotoma</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">53</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Cystoseira tamariscifolia</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">57</span></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCECFF"><td width="178"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Padina pavonia</span></i></td><td width="225"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">53</span></div>
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<span class="imagetext" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b>Table 1.</b> Relative rates of photosynthesis<sup>19</sup> in seawater (measured by oxygen evolution) at pH 8.7 relative to pH 8.0. A value of 100 means that the rates were the same, and values below 100 indicate less photosynthesis at pH 8.7.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="12a"></a>Photosynthesis of Algae Relative to Their Natural Environment</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;"><span class="z" style="width: 12px;"></span>E</span>nough marine algae have been studied with respect to carbon uptake to allow certain comments about their capabilities to collect carbon in relation to their natural habitat. In a study of 38 species of red algae, researchers<span><sup>20</sup></span> found that subtidal algae were more often restricted to using carbon dioxide, while intertidal species could typically use both carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. In fact, their ability to use bicarbonate correlated strongly to their positioning along a rocky coastline, with the efficiency increasing with tidal height, except for those species at the very top of the tideline, which showed a reversal of that trend. Similar results have been found for other studies of macroalgae, including green and brown algal species.<span><sup>21,22</sup></span></div>
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Perhaps such relationships relate to the likelihood of spending considerable time in small closed tidal pools, where carbon dioxide would be more limited than in the open water, while at the very top of the shore, where exposure to air is most likely, the algae are again able to gain adequate carbon dioxide. The actual mechanisms used by some species (the brown alga <i>Hizikia fusiforme</i>,<span><sup>23</sup></span> for example) that have multiple mechanisms actually change when exposed to air (taking up CO<sub>2</sub> directly) and when immersed in seawater (using bicarbonate).</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="13"></a>Photosynthesis of Algae in Continuous Light vs. Light/Dark Cycles</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">I</span>nterestingly, three marine microalgae, <i>Skeletonema costatum</i>, <i>Phaeocystis globosa</i> and <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>,<span><sup>24</sup></span> were studied for their rates of photosynthesis and carbon uptake mechanisms in continuous light vs. those same species in light/dark cycles (12 h on/12 h off and 16 h on/8 h off). The rates of photosynthesis were nearly twice as high with light/dark cycles as with continuous lighting. In two of the species (<i>S. costatum</i> and <i>E. huxleyi</i>), but not the third, the contribution of bicarbonate to the total carbon uptake increased dramatically in light/dark cycles compared to continuous light.</div>
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How this result might relate to growth and nutrient uptake in lit refugia where macroalgae are often grown to export nutrients is not known. However, it is a sign that perhaps continuous light is not optimal, in addition to being more expensive.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="14"></a>Implications for Reef Aquarium Husbandry</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">A</span>quarists can do several things to ensure the ready availability of carbon dioxide to photosynthetic marine organisms. While adequate studies have not been done with the exact species and exact conditions present in a reef aquarium to make definitive statements, it may be prudent to follow the following principles in order to maximize photosynthesis:</div>
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1. Limit the maximum pH attained in reef aquaria. I'd suggest limiting the pH to no more than 8.5, and lower is better from a photosynthesis perspective (although <a href="http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2004-09/rhf/index.php" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">pH below 8.2</a> has its own disadvantages related to rates of calcification by corals and coralline algae).</div>
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2. Put a lit refugium containing macroalgae on a reverse light cycle to the main tank. Not only will this limit the maximum pH attained in both the refugium and the main aquarium, but it keeps the pH lower in the refugium precisely when the organisms in it most need the pH to be lower (during the refugium light cycle when CO<sub>2</sub> is required).</div>
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3. Do not drip limewater (kalkwasser) into or upstream of a lit macroalgae refugium, because it limits availability of CO<sub>2</sub>.</div>
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4. Add the effluent of a CaCO<sub>3</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> reactor into or upstream of a lit macroalgae refugium, as it increases the availability of CO<sub>2</sub>.</div>
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5. The data on continuous light vs. day/night cycling are intriguing and suggest that a dark cycle may benefit lit macroalgae refugia, especially when the cost of the electricity to drive the lights is considered.</div>
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6. Keep the carbonate alkalinity up to at least 2.5 meq/l (7 dKH; 125 ppm calcium carbonate equivalents) to provide adequate bicarbonate for photosynthesis. Higher alkalinity may even be better, especially if the pH is also high, limiting carbon dioxide itself as a CO<sub>2</sub> source for photosynthesizing organisms. This suggestion is likely already followed by most reef aquarists, but perhaps not by some with fish-only or related types of aquaria that also rely on macroalgae for nutrient export.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="19"></a>Summary</div>
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<span class="z" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 28px; line-height: 28px; text-align: center; width: 12px;">T</span>he availability of carbon dioxide can be an important factor determining the rates of photosynthesis in marine organisms. Even though bicarbonate is used by many marine organisms, the ability of some species to photosynthesize may be limited by the pH and the availability of carbon dioxide. To be honest, before putting together this article, I had not worried much about such issues. My system deviates from several of the suggestions in the previous section (the pH often hits 8.5 or a tad higher, the lighting is continuous in three of my four refugia, etc.). I wonder what else I might learn about how to care for my system as I explore additional chemical aspects of photosynthesis in future articles?</div>
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Happy Reefing!</div>
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<tr><td class="paragraph" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.26em;">If you have any questions about this article, please visit my author <a class="hyperlinks" href="http://www.reefcentral.com/vbulletin/forumdisplay.php?s=&forumid=149" style="color: #006699; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">forum</a> on Reef Central.</td></tr>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="20"></a>References:</div>
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1. <b>Dinoflagellate symbioses: strategies and adaptations for the acquisition and fixation of inorganic carbon</b>. Leggat, William; Marendy, Elessa M.; Baillie, Brett; Whitney, Spencer M.; Ludwig, Martha; Badger, Murray R.; Yellowlees, David. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. Functional Plant Biology (2002), 29(2/3), 309-322. Publisher: CSIRO Publishing.</div>
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2. <b>Carbon acquisition mechanisms of algae: carbon dioxide diffusion and carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms</b>. Raven, John A.; Beardall, John. Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration (2003), 14(Photosynthesis in Algae), 225-244. Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers.</div>
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3. <b>Algae lacking carbon-concentrating mechanisms</b>. Raven, John A.; Ball, Lucy A.; Beardall, John; Giordano, Mario; Maberly, Stephen C. Scottish Crop Research Institute, University of Dundee at SCRI, Invergowie, Dundee, UK. Canadian Journal of Botany (2005), 83(7), 879-890. Publisher: National Research Council of Canada.</div>
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4. <b>Inorganic carbon acquisition by the chrysophyte alga <i>Mallomonas papillosa</i></b>. Bhatti, Shabana; Colman, Brian. Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Can. Canadian Journal of Botany (2005), 83(7), 891-897. Publisher: National Research Council of Canada.</div>
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5. <b>How do marine diatoms fix 10 billion tonnes of inorganic carbon per year?</b> Granum, Espen; Raven, John A.; Leegood, Richard C. Robert Hill Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. Canadian Journal of Botany (2005), 83(7), 898-908. Publisher: National Research Council of Canada.</div>
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6.<b> The diversity of inorganic carbon acquisition mechanisms in eukaryotic microalgae</b>. Colman, Brian; Huertas, I. Emma; Bhatti, Shabana; Dason, Jeffrey S. Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Can. Functional Plant Biology (2002), 29(2/3), 261-270. Publisher: CSIRO Publishing.</div>
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7. <b>Source of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis in two marine dinoflagellates</b>. Dason, Jeffrey S.; Huertas, I. Emma; Colman, Brian. Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Can. Journal of Phycology (2004), 40(2), 285-292. Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc.</div>
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8. <b>Acquisition of inorganic carbon by the marine haptophyte <i>Isochrysis galbana</i>(Prymnesiophyceae)</b>. Bhatti, Shabana; Huertas, I. Emma; Colman, Brian. Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Can. Journal of Phycology (2002), 38(5), 914-921. Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc.</div>
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9. <b>Photosynthetic utilisation of inorganic carbon and its regulation in the marine diatom <i>Skeletonema costatum</i></b>. Chen, Xiongwen; Gao, Kunshan. Department of Biology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Peop. Rep. China. Functional Plant Biology (2004), 31(10), 1027-1033. Publisher: CSIRO Publishing.</div>
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10. <b>Photosynthetic responses to inorganic carbon in <i>Ulva lactuca</i> under aquatic and aerial states</b>. Zou, Dinghui; Gao, Kunshan. Marine Biology Institute, Science Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Peop. Rep. China. Acta Botanica Sinica (2002), 44(11), 1291-1296. Publisher: Science Press.</div>
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11. <b>Photosynthetic use of exogenous inorganic carbon in the agarophyte <i>Gracilaria lemaneiformis</i> (Rhodophyta)</b>. Zou, Dinghui; Xia, Jianrong; Yang, Yufeng. Marine Biology Institute, Science Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Peop. Rep. China. Aquaculture (2004), 237(1-4), 421-431. Publisher: Elsevier.</div>
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12. <b>Photosynthetic utilization of inorganic carbon in the economic brown alga, <i>Hizikia fusiforme </i>(Sargassaceae) from the South China Sea</b>. Zou, Dinghui; Gao, Kunshan; Xia, Jianrong. Marine Biology Institute, Science Center, Shantou University, Guangdong, Peop. Rep. China. Journal of Phycology (2003), 39(6), 1095-1100. Publisher: Blackwell Publishing.</div>
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13. <b>Inorganic carbon acquisition in two species of marine prymnesiophytes</b>. Huertas, I. Emma; Bhatti, Shabana; Colman, Brian. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucia (CSIC), Puerto Real, Spain. European Journal of Phycology (2003), 38(2), 181-189. Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd.</div>
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14. <b>Photosynthetic carbon acquisition in the red alga <i>Gracilaria conferta</i>. II. Rubisco carboxylase kinetics, carbonic anhydrase and bicarbonate uptake</b>. Israel, A.; Beer, S. Dep. Bot., Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel. Marine Biology (Berlin, Germany) (1992), 112(4), 697-700.</div>
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15. <b>Inorganic carbon acquisition in red tide dinoflagellates</b>. Rost, Bjoern; Richter, Klaus-Uwe; Riebesell, Ulf; Hansen, Per Juel. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany. Plant, Cell and Environment (2006), 29(5), 810-822.</div>
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16. <b>Evidence for K<sup>+</sup>-dependent HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> utilization in the marine diatom <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i></b>. Chen, Xiongwen; Qiu, C. E.; Shao, J. Z. Department of Biology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioanalytical Technique, Hubei Normal University, Hubei, Peop. Rep. China. Plant Physiology (2006), 141(2), 731-736.</div>
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17. <b>Carbon acquisition mechanisms of algae: carbon dioxide diffusion and carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms</b>. Raven, John A.; Beardall, John. Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration (2003), 14(Photosynthesis in Algae), 225-244. Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers.</div>
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18. <b>Use of light and inorganic carbon acquisition by two morphotypes of <i>Zostera noltii</i>Hornem</b>. Mercado, Jesus M.; Niell, F. X.; Silva, Joao; Santos, Rui. Centro Oceanográfico de Malaga, Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Malaga, Spain. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (2003), 297(1), 71-84. Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V.</div>
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19. <b>External carbonic anhydrase and affinity for inorganic carbon in intertidal macroalgae</b>. Mercado, Jesus M.; Gordillo, F. Javier L.; Figueroa, Felix L.; Niell, F. Xavier. Dep. Ecol., Univ. Malaga, Malaga, Spain. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (1998), 221(2), 209-220. Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V.</div>
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20. <b>Habitat matters for inorganic carbon acquisition in 38 species of red macroalgae (Rhodophyta) from Puget Sound, Washington, USA</b>. Murru, Maurizio; Sandren, Craig D. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Journal of Phycology (2004), 40(5), 837-845. Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc.</div>
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21. <b>External carbonic anhydrase and affinity for inorganic carbon in intertidal macroalgae</b>. Mercado, Jesus M.; Gordillo, F. Javier L.; Figueroa, Felix L.; Niell, F. Xavier. Dep. Ecol., Univ. Malaga, Malaga, Spain. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (1998), 221(2), 209-220. Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V.</div>
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22. <b>CO<sub>2</sub> concentrating mechanisms in algae: Mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution</b>. Giordano, Mario; Beardall, John; Raven, John A. Department of Marine Science, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. Annual Review of Plant Biology (2005), 56 99-131. Publisher: Annual Reviews Inc.</div>
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23. <b>Comparative mechanisms of photosynthetic carbon acquisition in <i>Hizikia fusiforme</i>under submersed and emersed conditions</b>. Zou, Dinghui; Gao, Kunshan. Science Center, Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Peop. Rep. China. Acta Botanica Sinica (2004), 46(10), 1178-1185. Publisher: Science Press.</div>
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24. <b>Carbon acquisition of marine phytoplankton: effect of photoperiod length</b>. Rost, Bjoern; Riebesell, Ulf; Sueltemeyer, Dieter. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany. Limnology and Oceanography (2006), 51(1), 12-20. Publisher: American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.</div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-18710818337717263162014-07-17T01:50:00.001-07:002014-07-17T01:50:34.696-07:00Wastewater Treatment Ponds<div align="center">
<strong><span>Lesson 5:</span></strong></div>
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<span><strong>Wastewater Treatment Ponds</strong></span></div>
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<span><strong><span style="color: red;">Objective</span></strong></span><br />
In this lesson we will answer the following questions:<br />
<ul>
<li>What are wastewater treatment ponds?</li>
<li>What are the types of bacteria at work in most ponds?</li>
<li>How is oxygen provided to the wastewater?</li>
<li>What is the algae cycle and why is it important?</li>
<li>What role does temperature play in wastewater treatment ponds?</li>
</ul>
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<span><strong><span style="color: red;">Reading Assignment</span></strong></span><br />
Read the online lesson and also Chapter 9 in textbook, <em>Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants Vol. 1.</em><br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: red;">Lecture</span></strong></span><br />
<span><strong><span style="color: blue;">Introduction</span></strong></span><br />
<strong>Wastewater treatment </strong>using ponds can be an economical way of treatment which produces effluent that is highly purified. The number and the type of ponds used are the determining factors as to the degree of treatment that is provided.<br />
Another name for <strong>wastewater treatment ponds </strong>is <strong>waste stabilization ponds </strong>. For this lesson we use waste stabilization ponds because these ponds help to <strong>stabilize </strong>the wastewater before it is passed on to receiving water. They can also be referred to as <strong>oxidation ponds </strong>or <strong>sewage lagoons </strong>.<br />
The <strong>waste stabilization pond </strong>is a <strong>biological treatment process </strong>, where bacteria use organic matter in the wastewater as food. The three types of bacteria at work in most ponds are the <strong>aerobic, anaerobic, and the facultative bacteria.</strong><br />
Because of unpleasant conditions associated with the anaerobic decomposition, plant operators must make sure that there is enough <strong>dissolved oxygen (D.O.) </strong>in the pond to make sure that it will be the aerobic and facultative bacteria that will be predominant, rather than having anaerobic decomposition take place.<br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: blue;">How oxygen is supplied in the ponds</span></strong></span><br />
One way that oxygen is supplied to the wastewater is by <strong>algae </strong>. The algae produce the oxygen needed by the bacteria and the bacteria in turn produce carbon dioxide and other things that are needed by the algae.<br />
It is important to remember that the algae will thrive when there is sunlight present. They cannot grow at nighttime, or during extended periods of cloudy weather. The water in the ponds has to be clear and not too deep. If the sunlight can reach the bottom, then the algae will grow throughout the pond depth. <strong>( <em>The following drawing shows the Algae Cycle)</em></strong><br />
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<img height="332" src="http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/lesson4b_clip_image002.jpg" width="521" /></div>
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If the water is not clear or if the sunlight is cutoff the algae will not grow. If this happens, the <strong>D.O. level </strong>in the pond will <strong>decrease </strong>and you can expect an <strong>increase </strong>in anaerobic activity at the bottom of the pond. The thickness of the anaerobic layer at the bottom will probably increase.<br />
In ponds that are over <strong>three feet deep </strong>, you can expect that there will be a zone where the concentration of dissolved oxygen will vary from time to time. You can also expect facultative bacteria living in this zone because only they can adjust to the aerobic and anaerobic conditions existing.<br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: blue;">How weather and seasons of the year affect the ponds</span></strong></span><br />
Another thing to be aware of are the things that you can expect to happen in the pond during the winter. In winter, shorter periods of daylight, cloudy weather, and snow or ice can prevent the sunlight from reaching the wastewater. Small amounts of oxygen will be produced by the algae and there will be no aeration from wind action because of the ice cover. <strong>Colder temperatures </strong>will slow down the activity of the <strong>bacteria </strong>. By this, the pond is continuously discharging and the effluent will be worse. But in the spring when the pond warms up, there will be an <strong>increase in bacterial action </strong>on the material that was deposited during the winter. The result will be <strong>odors </strong>from anaerobic conditions. Another reason for the pond odors in the spring is spring turnover. As the pond warms, the bottom layer of the wastewater starts to mix throughout the pond. When this happens, it brings with it smelly gases and some solids. Spring turnover odors usually last about 7 days.<br />
Although there is a greater die-off of bacteria in ponds than in other treatment methods because of the longer detention time in ponds, pond effluent may still require disinfection to preserve receiving stream quality. It is the <strong>bacteria </strong>that do the treatment in the ponds. The kind of <strong>bacterial action </strong>that will take place is determined by the amount of <strong>dissolved oxygen </strong>available in the pond.<br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: blue;">Types of Wastewater Treatment Ponds</span></strong></span><br />
In this section we will look at 7 different types of wastewater treatment ponds (waste stabilization ponds) and what process occurs in each.<br />
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<strong><span style="color: #006600;">Aerobic Pond</span></strong><br />
In the aerobic pond oxygen is present throughout the pond and all biological activity is aerobic decomposition. Aerobic ponds are a maximum of two feet deep, so that the sunlight can reach throughout the entire depth of the pond, which will let the algae grow throughout. The oxygen they give off allows aerobic process microorganisms to live. Aerobic ponds are not used in colder climates because they will completely freeze in the winter.<br />
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<strong><span style="color: #006600;">Anaerobic Pond</span></strong><br />
Anaerobic ponds are normally used to treat high strength concentrated industrial waste and no oxygen is present in the pond. All the biological activity is anaerobic decomposition. These ponds are 8 to 12 feet deep and are anaerobic throughout. Scum forms on the top of the most anaerobic ponds. This scum stops air from mixing with the wastewater. Because there is no dissolved oxygen in the pond the anaerobic bacteria will be a work. The gases that is produced by the anaerobic bacterial action causes odor problems and these types of ponds are not used very often.<br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: #006600;">Facultative Pond</span></strong></span><br />
Facultative ponds are used the most to treat municipal wastewater. The ponds are usually 4 to 6 feet deep and the sludge at the bottom is anaerobic, while the 1 to 2 feet of the top of the pond is aerobic. In the middle, the amount of dissolved oxygen varies and either aerobic or anaerobic decomposition will take place, depending on how much dissolved oxygen is available.<br />
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<img height="265" src="http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/imageIH3.jpg" width="390" /></div>
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<span>Facultative Stabilization Pond</span></div>
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<span><strong><span style="color: #006600;">Oxidation Pond</span></strong></span><br />
This type of pond is designed to receive flows that have passed through a stabilization pond or primary settling tanks. These ponds provide biological treatment and additional settling and some reduction in the number of fecal coliform present. They are normally designed by the same specifications as the stabilization pond.<br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: #006600;">Raw Sewage Stabilization Pond</span></strong></span><br />
This type of pond is the designed to receive wastewater that has had no prior treatment except for screening and shredding and is the most common of them all. These ponds are designed to provide a minimum of 45 days detention time and to receive no more than 50 pounds of BOD 5 per day per acre. The normal operating depth is 3-5 feet. In this time of pond the time of the year determines the quality of the discharge. The summer months produce high BOD 5 removals but low suspended solids removal and in the winter months there is poor BOD 5 removal but excellent suspended solids removals. The process that occur in this type of pond are, settling, aerobic, facultative, anaerobic decomposition and photosynthesis to produce required oxygen.<br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: #006600;">Polishing Pond</span></strong></span><br />
This type of pond is designed to receive flow from the oxidation pond and from other secondary treatment systems. This process removes additional BOD 5, solids and fecal coliform and other nutrient removal. These types of ponds provide only a 1 to 3 day detention time and normally operate at a depth of 5-10 feet. If the detention time excessive, then there will be an increase in the effluent suspended solids concentration.<br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: #006600;">Aerated Pond</span></strong></span><br />
In these ponds, oxygen is provided by using mechanical or a diffused air system (artificial aeration). The artificial aeration also keeps the wastewater in the pond mixed, keeping organics and bacteria in contact. The aeration allows the pond to have shorter detention times and heavier loading.<br />
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<img height="255" src="http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/lesson4b_clip_image005.jpg" width="162" /></div>
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<span><strong><span style="color: red;">Review</span></strong></span><br />
Wastewater treatment ponds are designed for different types waste and may or may not contain oxygen. Not all ponds are suited for all regions or climates. Dissolved oxygen levels must be maintained. Algae must be present to provide oxygen. Not all ponds have the same detention time and must be maintained for odor control.<br />
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<span><strong><span style="color: red;">Assignment</span></strong></span><br />
Answer the following questions and email your answers to <a href="mailto:rcooke@mecc.edu" style="color: #006600; text-decoration: none;">rcooke@mecc.edu.</a><br />
<ol>
<li>Why do we consider wastewater treatment ponds an economical treatment method?</li>
<li>What is the most common type of pond used?</li>
<li>What is provided in the oxidation pond how is it designed?</li>
<li>What is removed in a polishing pond?</li>
<li>How is oxygen supplied in an aerated pond?</li>
<li>Oxygen is present in what type/types of ponds and which ponds have no oxygen?</li>
<li>What type of pond has no oxygen in the lower level?</li>
<li>How many pounds per day per acre can a raw sewage stabilization pond receive?</li>
<li>What months have poor BOD5?</li>
<li>What type of pond receives industrial wastes?</li>
</ol>
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<span><strong><span style="color: red;">Quiz</span></strong></span><br />
Answer the questiosn for the <a href="http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/quiz5.htm" style="color: #006600; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Lesson 5 Quiz</a>. When you have completed the quiz, print it and fax or email it to your instructor. You may also take the quiz online and directly submit it into the database for a grade.The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-82431490677233136112014-07-13T10:05:00.001-07:002014-07-13T10:06:31.999-07:00Is Your Body Demanding Food Enzymes?<center style="color: #000066;">
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<b><br />By Dr. Edward Howell</b></center>
The following article was written by Dr. Howell late in his life, in an attempt to make clear his revolutionary food enzyme concept.<br />
In spite of all I have written about food enzymes since 1936, common misconception persists and distort their significance in nutrition. Let me restate that all animal and vegetable foods in their natural state contain non-caloric elements in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. In the order of their discovery and recognition as indispensable food elements, they are minerals, vitamins, and enzymes. It is obvious that merely discovering that foods are endowed by nature with any particular non-caloric food material should constitute all the proof needed to establish this substance as a protector of the health and well-being of living organisms, including the human race, during the whole life span. This is because constituents of unprocessed natural foods have had countless eons of time to mold and shape the form and function of living organisms, and have created a dependence to fill a need. Therefore, to remove any part of natural food from the normal diet could not be sanctioned because of the possibility of harm to the health and well-being.<br />
This has been shown by the history of nutrition. Not very long ago, the only elements considered necessary for wholesome nutrition were protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Minerals were considered unimportant and ignobly characterized by chemists as "ash" because they were all that remained after food was burned in the laboratory. Vitamins and enzymes in foods were unknown. The fiber of foods was removed and discarded because fiber was believed to be too coarse for the human digestive tract. Many people formerly believed that vegetables were fit food only for rabbits and cows - not humans. The immigrants flooding here from Europe during the early years of this century, foolishly embraced white bread with open arms. In the backward, unindustrialized countries, only the wealthy ate white bread, the common people having to be satisfied with whole-grain bread, of whose health value they were ignorant. The bran of wheat, which we now value as necessary food fiber, along with the valuable wheat embryo or germ, were removed and found their way into rations for cattle and hogs, proving to serve as excellent nutrition for these animals.<br />
For over a hundred years, enzymes had a reputation as being important in the digestion of food, and that was all. Their area of operation was believed to be limited to the stomach and intestines. It was not realized until recently that the work of enzymes in the digestive tract is only a minor part of their complete duties in the bodies of animals and human beings. Enzymes are the active agents in metabolism - in anabolism and catabolism. Enzymes are the actors behind the scenes in the immunity processes. They power your thinking, breathing, sexual activity - your very life. Thousands of different enzymes - metabolic enzymes - are involved in everything going on in the heart, lungs, liver, arteries, blood, muscles - in all organs and tissues. Your body is expected to make all of these digestive and metabolic enzymes.<br />
But while the body is required to produce less than a dozen essential digestive enzymes, functioning only in the food canal, it must furnish thousands of metabolic enzymes to service the multitudinous activities of the entire organism. Metabolic enzymes do work, they are workers. They take absorbed food products with their minerals and vitamins, and build them into tissues. They repair the body and aim to keep the organs healthy. Furthermore, through substrate action, metabolic enzymes remove worn-out material from the cells, keeping everything in repair. It can be recognized that this is a far bigger job for enzymes than merely digesting food in the food canal, part of which should be done by food enzymes, or if need be, by other exogenous enzymes, meaning supplemental enzymes. So which are more important in the body, digestive enzymes, or metabolic enzymes? Let us beware about permitting a metabolic enzyme labor shortage to form, which can induce our problem diseases.<br />
If metabolic enzymes are more important, then why must they play second fiddle, and have second call in the allocation of the body's resources? Why are digestive enzymes kept rich by having first call on the limited enzymes potential of the organism, while the more important metabolic enzymes must be satisfied with what is left? I must emphasize that the reader of this treatise is an owner of the serviceable and precious metabolic enzymes. Smart owners will not force their digestive enzymes to do work meant for food enzymes if this extra burden on the digestive enzymes requires the body to put a strain on producing their multi-functional metabolic enzymes and not have enough of them to carry on their important functions. If you were a biological engineer, responsible for efficient operation and health of human organisms, is it not logical that you would see to it that the digestive enzymes be given less work by allowing food enzymes, or supplemental enzymes, if need be, to do more digesting, as evolution, or the God of nature's laws, ordained?<br />
Each plan, animal, and human being can make the enzymes needed to do that which needs to be done in the organism. Any high school student knows that the human digestive glands can make the enzymes needed to digest our foods. Some well-informed students also know that human saliva and pancreatic juice are fabulously rich in enzymes, far stronger than in any wild animal living under the laws of nature. The uninitiated and perplexed reader may reasonably ask why we need the enzymes in food when our digestive enzymes, in prime of life, can do the job well. "Are not food enzymes superfluous and nonessential," some people may ask. Even those in high places have been beset by difficulties in discerning the hidden facts. To clarify an otherwise muddled situation, is precisely why I wrote this narrative. But before proceeding, it is urgent to call attention to yet another important pillar in the Food Enzyme Concept.<br />
Let me repeat again the bast difference between vitamins and enzymes in food, and the unique quality that separates enzymes from all other food factors and establishes food enzymes as very special food ingredients. I refer to their extreme vulnerability to destruction by heat. Whereas, most food factors, including vitamins, suffer only minor or no demonstrable harm from heat preparation in the kitchen or factory, enzymes are completely destroyed by manufacturing or culinary operations. Enzymes can withstand no cooking, boiling, frying, roasting, stewing, broiling, or pasteurizing. Cookery destroys them to the extent of - not 99%, but 100%.<br />
Now, permit me to return to the matter of why food enzymes are so important and indispensable to the reader's present and future health - possibly even more so where digestive juices are overflowing with personal enzymes. In the first place, all of nature's creatures welcome and receive food enzymes, in every morsel of food, in addition to the enzymes they produce. Fish are surrounded by enzymes as they swim in the ocean water. Plants are dependent on free enzymes in the soil to help make plant food, and suffer increased susceptibility to disease when they must subsidize deficient soil enzymes with their own metabolic enzymes. When you eat raw food, the enzymes within it are immediately released and begin to digest it in the mouth, even before being swallowed, and before your own enzymes are even secreted.<br />
The same happens with animals living on raw food. When birds, like the chicken, swallow intact wheat or corn seeds, they go into the crop. There the seeds swell with moisture and the food enzymes inside the seeds begin to digest the starch, protein, and fat before the seeds reach the stomach of the bird. Snakes and many other creatures eat their food by swallowing it entirely without chewing. Small snakes swallow live rats, frogs, and such. Large snakes, such as the python, engulf live pigs. The body of the hapless victim shows up as large bolus in the midriff, causing an enormous distention of the stomach of the snake, which allows no room for the snakes enzymes or acid to enter. Only after the digestive enzymes and catheptic enzymes of the prey, which now belong to the snake, and have become its food enzymes, have performed the ritual of predigestion, and liquefier the body of the prey, can the snake's enzymes find room in tis own stomach, to proceed with digestion.<br />
Millions of fish swallow entire smaller fish every day as their normal diet, while millions of birds gulp down entire fish or other organisms to constitute their complete food intake. And thus, the ritual of predigestion by food enzymes is carried on in the entire animal kingdom. A lion has teeth adapted only to tear away large chunks of meat from the body of prey. He may tear off thirty pounds of chunks and then walk away dragging a full belly to a sanctuary to rest, while the pressure from the enormous distention of his stomach by the meat forms a coalescent bolus which crowds out everything, giving no room for the lion's acid and enzymes to enter. The lion's peptic enzymes and acid can find room to get into its stomach only after the catheptic enzymes within the meat itself have performed their role of predigestion and reduced the bolus to a plastic or liquid consistency. Only then can the lion's enzymes carry on the digestive process from where the cathepsin stopped. It is indeed a law of nature, tested and proven by millions of years that enzymes within the food have been ordained by evolution, or evolution's God, to predigest food, and that your private enzymes were never intended to do the job alone.<br />
Must we pay a penalty when we alone, of the hundreds of thousands of species of living treasures on this earth, force our unaided, personal (endogenous) digestive enzymes to digest food, instead of letting exogenous (outside) enzymes do part of the job by predigestion, according to nature's law? There is a penalty which is inescapable and cumulative. It is deceptively unnoticeable when we are young, but when our bodies are permanently called upon to make too many enzymes for digestion, the stress of competition for enzymes, forces our organism to produce less of the other kinds of enzymes needed to keep all organs and tissues in proper repair and health.<br />
In other words, if the body has very rich digestive enzymes, it must be satisfied with poor metabolic enzymes. The organism cannot at the same time make very rich digestive enzymes, and very rich metabolic enzymes, but a hypersecretion of one kind can be attained only at the expense of a hyposecretion of the other kind. The old saying that the man with an "iron stomach" is the prime candidate for an early heart attack, is unfortunately quite true. When we flirt with the integrity of metabolic enzymes, and abuse the enzymes' potential, we are inviting the most serious types of intractable diseases to come in and establish house-keeping. We are notifying cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc., to make themselves at home in our bodies. Food-enzyme deficiency and its aftermath must be recognized as the most serious and profound oversight and omission in nutrition.<br />
Since wild animals do not cook, what is there to prevent ingested food enzymes from predigesting the food of wild animals? This leaves the human race in the unenviable and isolated position of being the only living creatures forcing their digestive enzymes to suffer the burden of unaided digestion of food, which in turn, is reflected in compromising the potency of metabolic enzymes. Anything lowering the efficiency of metabolic enzymes, impairs their ability to keep the organ systems healthy enough to ward off disease. The fact that the health of people and their domesticated animals does not measure up to the high standards of wild animals, offers support to indications that the relative potency of metabolic enzymes plays a key role in the health discrepancy. Professional experience has shown that those domesticated and laboratory animals eating a human-type diet, are plagued with a variety of human-type serious diseases after they pass the middle of the life span. On the contrary, wild animals are immune to our problem diseases, unless they are exposed to toxic influences, or fed at our garbage dumps. The animals of the deep jungle are singularly free of degenerative and problem diseases which affect people and their pets and farm animals.<br />
It is sometimes said that food enzymes or supplemental enzymes swallowed with food cannot do any work because the acid in the stomach prevents their activity. This is true if the enzymes and very strong acid are mixed together in a test tube in a laboratory demonstration. But it is untrue when enzymes are taken into a living body. The stomach normally allows salivary enzymes, food and supplementary enzymes to digest food for up to an hour. When they have finished their job of performing predigestion, food enzymes and proper supplemental enzymes, functioning at a lower PH, continue digestion of protein, carbohydrate, and fat for a longer time than salivary or pancreatic enzymes; salivary digestion being restricted to starch. As the stomach acid level becomes higher, the special acid enzyme, pepsin, can continue the digestion of protein where the others left off. These facts have been elicited after the stomach and upper intestinal contents were pumped out and examined at various intervals following meals.<br />
I have been able to show the dire consequences following use of the enzyme-deficient diet by discovering that the pancreas must enlarge to produce the vast quantities of enzymes necessary when the body is forced to digest all of the food without outside aid. This down not harm the pancreas at all, any more than it harms a muscle when it must enlarge to do more work. Similarly, when a government agency must enlarge to give away more money to foreign governments, the only harmed parties are the taxpayers. An enlarged pancreas can give out and waste more precious enzymes than a normal organ, but this generous dispensation is not good for the body as a whole because it strains the enzyme potential of the whole body in tis effort to produce a normal quota of metabolic enzymes to keep all organs and tissues healthy and disease-free.<br />
Those who theorize that food enzymes do not digest food in the human stomach, thereby confess ignorance of the fact that physiologists fed test meals and waited for the salivary enzyme, ptyalin, to work on them. Later, the contents of the duodenum and stomach were pumped out and it was learned that marked digestion of the food consumed occurred in both instances. And a large portion of the enzymes fed with the food, were recovered, proving that they were not permanently inactivated, and furthermore, that theoretical prognostication can be dangerous.<br />
There are those who surreptitiously proclaim that food enzymes cannot do any work in the stomach because all enzymes are proteins, and food enzymes are digested as are other proteins. But this argument very conveniently overlooks, or perhaps tries to hide the fact, that if the enzyme complex had no special and specific immunity against being digested because it contains protein, what is to prevent one portion of the enzyme pepsin from being digested by an adjoining and contiguous portion of the same enzyme while pepsin functions in the stomach? Why do pancreatic proteolytic enzymes not digest each other while they are at work reducing food proteins to amino acids in the small intestine?<br />
Further evidence that food enzymes have been ordained by nature over countless millions of years to help digest the food of all creatures, including human beings, is supplied by special organs with no function except to serve as food-enzymes stomachs. Food enzymes are made up of proteolytic food enzymes to digest protein, amyloytic food enzymes to digest carbohydrates, and lipolytic food enzymes to digest fats. The so-called killer whale, a member of Cetacea, has a food enzyme stomach larger than any land creature. The food-enzyme stomach of this whale has been found to contain more than a dozen porpoises and seals. In one instance this enormous food enzyme stomach, which is the first of the whale's three stomachs, and much larger than the others, was found to house the bodies of 32 entire seals undergoing digestion by the seal enzymes, which now belong to the whale, and are the whale's food enzymes. The remarkable fact elicited by physiologists is that the first stomach (forestomach) has no enzymes or acid of its own at all. Its membranes have no glands to produce these agents for digestion. The first stomach is simply a large reservoir which provides space for the enzymes within the bodies of swallowed animals to digest their own bodies to a sufficiently plastic or liquid consistency which enables the food material to pass through a small opening connecting the first stomach to the second stomach, which makes enzymes to continue the digestion.<br />
For hundreds of years human beings felt quite sure they had only a single stomach to digest food. But scientists have found this is not strictly true, and that humans have a digestive organ functioning as two stomachs. The upper part, or cardiac end, produces no acid or enzymes and is a food-enzyme stomach. It has been designed as a reservoir to receive food, and permit the enzymes in the food itself to predigest the food for further digestion by the chain of enzymes along the digestive tract. Therefore, the human being also owns a food-enzyme stomach. This fact, along with the other evidence I have presented, establishes food enzymes as cardinal digestive agents, making it impossible for anyone to lightly brush them aside.<br />
The foregoing avalanche of relevant information supports the recently discovered law of the adaptive secretion of digestive enzymes which proclaims that the body values enzymes highly and produces no more of them than it is forced to. If more digestive food enzymes are eaten, the body will automatically make fewer digestive enzymes and can then produce more metabolic enzymes, should they be needed. The body will therefore be in a better position to prevent or deal with the problems of killer diseases.<br />
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-47697736824815214192014-01-16T11:26:00.001-08:002014-01-20T14:35:33.943-08:00<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">HIDDEN IN PLAIN SIGHT: The Pioneering Work of<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">FREDERICK ROBERT KLENNER, M.D.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">by Andrew W. Saul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Assistant Editor, Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Reprinted with permission from <i>J Orthomolecular Med</i>, 2007. Vol 22, No 1, p 31-38.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">“<i>Some physicians would stand by and see their patient die rather than use ascorbic acid because in their finite minds it exists only as a vitamin</i>.” (F. R. Klenner, MD)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">The sound barrier was broken in 1947. The Korean War began in 1950. In between was the polio epidemic of 1948-9, during which Dr. Frederick Robert Klenner cured every polio case he saw by using vitamin C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">VITAMIN C AGAINST POLIO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Claus W. Jungeblut (1) had the initial idea; William J. McCormick (2) was an early proponent of frequent gram-sized doses. But it was Frederick Robert Klenner who first gave polio patients tens of thousands of milligrams of vitamin C per day. He had been doing so since before D-Day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">“From 1943 through 1947,” writes Robert Landwehr (3), “Dr. Klenner reported successful treatment of 41 more cases of viral pneumonia using massive doses of vitamin C. From these cases he learned what dosage and route of administration - intravenously, intramuscularly, or orally - was best for each patient. Dr. Klenner gave these details in a February 1948 paper published in the <i>Journal of Southern Medicine and Surgery</i> entitled ‘Virus Pneumonia and Its Treatment with Vitamin C.’ (4) This article was the first of Dr. Klenner’s twenty-eight (through 1974) scientific publications.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">“When I first came across Klenner’s work on polio patients,” writes Thomas Levy, “I was absolutely amazed and even a bit overwhelmed at what I read. . . To know that polio had been easily cured and so many babies, children, and some adults still continued to die or survive to be permanently crippled by this virus was extremely difficult to accept. . . Even more incredibly, Klenner briefly presented a summarization of his work on polio at the Annual Session of the American Medical Association on June 10, 1949 in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Atlantic City</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">New Jersey</st1:state></st1:place>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">‘It might be interesting to learn how poliomyelitis was treated in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Reidsville</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">N.C.</st1:state></st1:place>, during the 1948 epidemic. In the past seven years, virus infections have been treated and cured in a period of seventy-two hours by the employment of massive frequent injections of ascorbic acid, or vitamin C. I believe that if vitamin C in these massive doses - 6,000 to 20,000 mg in a twenty-four hour period - is given to these patients with poliomyelitis none will be paralyzed and there will be no further maiming or epidemics of poliomyelitis.’ Levy concludes: “The four doctors who commented after Klenner did not have anything to say about his assertions.” (5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">“How then,” asks Landwehr, “could a Dr. Fred R. Klenner, a virtually unknown general practitioner specializing in diseases of the chest, from a town no one ever heard of, with no national credentials, no research grants and no experimental laboratory, have the nerve to make his sweeping claim in front of that prestigious body of polio authorities?” Indeed, Klenner was hardly a man to mince words. “When proper amounts are used, it will destroy all virus organisms,” he would say. “Don’t expect control of a virus with 100 to 400 mg of C.” (6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner administered ascorbate by injection, and, as Lendon H. Smith describes in great detail in the <i>Clinical Guide to the Use of Vitamin C: The Clinical Experiences of Frederick R. Klenner, M.D</i>., Klenner found that “the most effective route was intravenous, but the intramuscular route was satisfactory. He gave at least 350 mg per kilogram of body weight.” That quantity per day is a dose of 25,000-30,000 mg or so for an adult. Yet, Smith adds, “With 350 mg per kilogram of body weight every two hours, he could stop measles and dry up chicken pox.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">This is indeed a large amount of vitamin C. Such use exemplifies the modern orthomolecular physician. Klenner’s doses were enormous, flexible and symptom-driven. The sicker the patient, the higher the dose. Massive ascorbate treatment cured every one of 60 polio cases Klenner saw. He published his report in <i>Southern Medicine and Surgery</i> in July of 1949. (7) All patients were well in three days. None had any paralysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">In a 1950 letter, Klenner wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">“Since my last communication, I have seen four new cases of poliomyelitis. All of these have completely recovered. Three cases were seen in the acute febrile stage and in each instance, using 65 mg per kg body weight (by injection) every two (to) four hours, recovery was spontaneous in 48 hours.” (8)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">In 1951, “In an especially incredible case,” Levy says, “Klenner (9) described a five-year-old girl stricken with polio. This child had already been paralyzed in both her lower legs for over four days! The right leg was completely limp, and the left leg was determined to be 85% flaccid. Pain was noticed especially in the knee and lumbar areas. Four consulting physicians confirmed the diagnosis of polio. Other than massage, vitamin C was the only therapy initiated. After four days of vitamin C injections the child was again moving both legs, but with only very slow and deliberate movement. Klenner also noted that there was a “definite response” after only the first injection of vitamin C. The child was discharged from the hospital after four days, and 1,000 mg of oral vitamin C was continued every two hours with fruit juice for seven days. The child was walking about, although slowly, on the 11th day of treatment. By the 19th day of treatment there was a “complete return of sensory and motor function,” and no long-term impairment ever resulted. Vitamin C not only completely cured this case of polio, it completely reversed what would undoubtedly have been a devastating, crippling result for the remainder of this girl’s life.” (4) For such elegant results, in the days before widespread use of either antibiotics or vaccination, one may wonder why Klenner was not awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">ORTHOMOLECULAR ORIGINATOR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Born 22 October 1907 in <st1:city w:st="on">Johnstown</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state>, Frederick Robert Klenner earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees in biology, magna cum laude, from St. Vincent and <st1:place w:st="on"><st2:sn w:st="on">St.</st2:sn> <st2:middlename w:st="on">Francis</st2:middlename> <st2:sn w:st="on">Colleges</st2:sn></st1:place>. After two teaching fellowships, he entered Duke University School of Medicine. There, while he was ill, he met his future wife, Annie Hill Sharp (b. 19 Feb 1914), then a senior nursing student who “helped nurse him back to health, and romance blossomed.” (10)<b> </b>At the time, Annie would be only the second woman in the school’s history to graduate with a bachelor of science degree. Klenner received his M.D. in 1936, and “The couple settled in<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Winston-Salem</st1:city></st1:place>, where Dr. Klenner was completing his residency at the North Carolina Tuberculosis Sanitarium.” (10)<b> </b>There, according to a short biography published in the <i>Journal of Applied Nutrition</i>, he “served three years in post-graduate hospital training before embarking on a private practice. Although specializing in diseases of the chest, he continued to do general practice because of the opportunities it afforded for observations in medicine. His patients were as enthusiastic as he in playing ‘guinea pigs’ to study the action of ascorbic acid.” (11)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner had hospital privileges at Reidsville’s <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Annie</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Penn</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Memorial</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Hospital</st1:placetype></st1:place> where, among other things, he delivered hundreds of babies. Given supplemental ascorbate, not merely from birth but also all throughout gestation, Klenner’s uniformly healthy, trouble-free infants were known by the staff as the “Vitamin C Babies.” (12)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">In a 1978 letter to Klenner, Irwin Stone writes that he thinks that “giving levels of ascorbate for long periods of time at the daily levels you recommend. . . is equivalent to creating a new human subspecies, ‘Homo sapiens ascorbicus’ . . . with unusual resistance to disease and stress and with a prolonged life span.” Stone adds, “I was sorry to hear that the book you intend to write is still only a gleam in your eye.” (13)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Although he never would publish a book on vitamin therapy, Dr. Klenner was a Fellow of the <st1:placename w:st="on">American</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">College</st1:placetype> of Chest Physicians, the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">American</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">College</st1:placetype></st1:place> of Angiology, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and one of the founders of the American Geriatrics Society. He was inducted into the Orthomolecular Medicine Hall of Fame in 2005. (14)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Greensboro Daily News </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">reporter Flontina Miller has colorfully described Klenner’s office, above a drug store in Reidsville. “Up a creaking stairway is a dimly-lighted hallway. . . On one side of the hall is a stark waiting room nearly filled with patients. . . A hand-printed sign tacked by the door reads, ‘Limited General Practice’. . . Two walls (are) covered with framed certificates and honors awarded by medical schools and organizations. A crude hand-scrawled cardboard sign on a window air-conditioning unit reads, ‘Snake Inside.’ No snake actually lives inside the air conditioner, but Mrs. Klenner declares the sign has worked miracles to keep visitors’ hands off. She said patients, waiting to talk with the doctor, often would tamper with the unit, causing continual need for repairs. . . For the past 12 years, Mrs. Klenner has been her husband’s fulltime nurse, and they manage the office with no other help. ‘I’d never see my husband if I didn’t work with him,’ said Mrs. Klenner. . . ‘Sometimes he overworks and feels kind of tired.’” (15) He was also subject to severe headaches, including migraines. Still, according to journalist Jerry Bledsoe, Klenner never sent bills to his patients. “If a patient couldn’t pay when treated, then he could pay when he could. And even if he couldn't pay and still needed a doctor, Dr. Klenner would be there, making house calls no matter the hour.”<b> </b>(16)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Another <i>Greensboro Daily News </i>article written by Miller recounts how Klenner first used injections of vitamin C:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">“Dr. Klenner remembers using (ascorbate) for a man, who was lying near death from severe virus pneumonia, but refused to be hospitalized. ‘I went to his house and gave him one big shot with five grams or 5,000 milligrams of vitamin C,’ he recalled. ‘When I went back later in the day, his temperature was down three degrees and he was sitting on the edge of the bed eating. I gave him another shot of C, 5,000 milligrams and kept up that dosage for three days, four times a day. And he was well. I said then, well, my gosh! This is doing something.’" (17)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner devised an early office test for vitamin C. (18) He would go on to administer massive amounts of ascorbate against any and all viral diseases. And, in the course of some forty years of general practice, Klenner used vitamin C, often accompanied with high doses of other nutrients, to fight a striking variety of other illnesses. Smith (6) itemizes a list that includes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, bladder infections, alcoholism, arthritis, leukemia, atherosclerosis, ruptured intervertebral discs, high cholesterol, corneal ulcer, diabetes, glaucoma, burns and secondary infections, heat stroke, radiation burns, heavy metal poisoning, chronic fatigue, and complications resulting from surgery. Additionally, Klenner also reported mega nutrient cures of tetanus (19, 20), trichinosis (21), venomous bites from spiders or snakes (22, 23), and, perhaps most controversially, multiple sclerosis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">VITAMINS AGAINST MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Nearly every person with multiple sclerosis that I’ve met has had two things in common: a lack of hope, and a lack of vitamins. Klenner’s patients lacked neither, with a treatment schedule calling for massive quantities of B-vitamins to, said Klenner, “effect nerve repair.”<b> </b>He based his protocol in part on work, in the late 1930’s,<b> </b>by <b>“</b><span class="townsendbodysuper">Stern from Columbia University, (who) was employing thiamin hydrochloride intraspinally with astonishing results in multiple sclerosis. He reported taking patients to the operating room on a stretcher, and following 30 mg thiamin given intraspinally, they would walk back to their room.” (24) While, Klenner commented, “the response was relatively transient,” it indicated that multiple sclerosis might be a severe form of avitaminosis.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">If one vitamin helped, two seemed likely to work better. Klenner writes: “<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span class="townsendbodysuper">Moore</span></st1:city></st1:place><span class="townsendbodysuper"> (25), in 1940, published a monograph on the use of high intravenous doses of nicotinic acid for the cure of multiple sclerosis. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Moore</st1:city></st1:place> employed a drug combination called ‘Nicobee.’ This preparation contained 100 mg nicotinic acid and 60 mg of thiamin in each 10 cc solution.” </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Moore</st1:city></st1:place>, like Klenner, was influenced by earlier work showing that nerve degeneration results from multiple nutritional deficiencies. (26) Subsequently, Klenner would employ what may only be described as a wide ranging nutritional approach. His protocol for multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis follows, as described in his paper, “Response of Peripheral and Central Nerve Pathology to Mega-Doses of the Vitamin B-Complex and Other Metabolites” (27):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Thiamin hydrochloride (B-1): “300 mg to 500 mg, 30 minutes before meals and bed hour, and during the night if awake” plus “400 mg daily by needle, given intramuscularly”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Niacin (B-3): “100 mg to 3 grams, thirty minutes before meals and at bed hour, and also during the night if awake – whichever dose will produce a strong body flush.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Pyridoxine (B-6): “100 mg to 200 mg is given before meals and bed hour. At least 100 mg daily is given intramuscularly.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Cobalamin (B-12): “1000 mcg three times each week by needle.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Ascorbic Acid (C): “Ten to twenty grams should be taken daily by mouth in divided doses.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2): “40 mg to 80 mg given daily by needle I.M. 25 mg before meals and bed time.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Choline: “700 mg to 1400 mg after each meal and at bed hour.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Lecithin: “1200 mg soybean lecithin after each meal.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Magnesium: “100 mg after each meal.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Calcium gluconate: Two 10 grain tablets “after each meal and at bed hour.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Calcium panthothenate: 200 mg “after each meal and at bed hour.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Aminoacetic acid (glycine): “One heaping tablespoon of the powder in a glass of milk four times each day.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Zinc gluconate: “10 mg three times each day has some value in Myasthenia Gravis. Take several hours after vitamin B-2.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Additionally, Klenner gave vitamin E (800 to 1,600 IU/day), crude liver extract, adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid, and a multi-vitamin/ multi-trace-mineral tablet, which would have included some vitamin D. Klenner prescribed a high protein diet, and used available drugs to relieve tremor and stiffness. He might also specify linolenic acid, thyroid, fresh green vegetables, fresh fruits, a considerable quantity of milk (1 quart/day) and eggs (up to 6/day). Klenner required patients to limit fats, eat only whole grain bread, and specified “no junk foods, especially sweets.” (28)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner also offered what he considered to be an abbreviated, compromise program. “Should a given patient’s physician refuse to administer this schedule, I have this recommendation: One gram thiamin hydrochloride one hour before meals and at bed hour, and during the night if awake. Niacin taken at the same time, and in amounts sufficient to produce a good body flush. Two hundred mg calcium pantothenate and 100 mg pyridoxine before meals and at bed hour. Ten grams ascorbic acid, taken in divided doses. Amino acetic acid: one heaping tablespoon in a glass of milk, four times each day. Naturally, the full schedule will afford more dramatic response.” He declares: “We categorically make this statement: Any victim of multiple sclerosis who will dramatically flush with the use of nicotinic acid, and who has not yet progressed to the stage of myelin degeneration, as witnessed by sustained ankle clonus elicited in the orthodox manner, can be <i>cured</i> with the adequate employment of thiamin hydrochloride and other factors of the vitamin B complex in conjunction with essential proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and injectable crude liver.” (27)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">MEDIA MUCKRAKING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Perhaps it is not a complete surprise that the print and broadcast media have been obsessively interested in the scandal that rocked Klenner’s family following the doctor’s death from heart disease in 1984. Fred Klenner Jr., known as Fritz, implicated in the murders of at least 5 people, died by his own hand in 1985. (29) The tragedy<b> </b>was the subject of a bestselling 1988 tell-all book (30), in which Dr. Klenner is mentioned over 50 times, and then, in 1994, a two-hundred minute made-for-TV movie. (31) It is instructive to note that the news media reported on the son’s crimes far more than it reported on the father’s cures. There have been countless television programs and <st1:place w:st="on">Hollywood</st1:place> films about crime, but not one ever made about the life-saving achievements of megavitamin therapy. Perhaps that is an even greater tragedy. "We've used massive doses of vitamins on over 10,000 people over a period of 30 years,” said Dr. Klenner, “and we’ve never seen any ill effects from them. The only effects we've seen have been beneficial.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Dr. Klenner’s immensely valuable work is his legacy. Linus Pauling said, “The early papers by Dr. Fred R. Klenner provide much information about the use of large doses of vitamin C in preventing and treating many diseases. These papers are still important.” (32) Klenner is justly remembered as the doctor who was first to boldly assert that “Ascorbic acid is the safest and most valuable substance available to the physician” and that patients should be given “large doses of vitamin C in all pathological conditions while the physician ponders the diagnosis.” Whether overshadowed by scandal or stubbornly ignored by the medical profession, high-dose ascorbate therapy is here to stay. “I have used Dr. Klenner’s methods on hundreds of patients,” said Lendon H. Smith. “He is right.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">1. Saul AW. Claus Washington Jungeblut, M.D.: Polio pioneer; ascorbate advocate. <i>J Orthomolecular Med</i>, 2006. Vol 21, No 2, p 102-106. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/jungeblut.html" style="color: blue;">http://www.doctoryourself.com/jungeblut.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">2. Saul AW. The pioneering work of William J. McCormick, M.D.. <i>J Orthomolecular Med</i>, 2003. Vol 18, No 2, p 93-96.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/mccormick.html" style="color: blue;">http://www.doctoryourself.com/mccormick.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">3. Landwehr R. The origin of the 42-year stonewall of vitamin C. <i>J Orthomolecular Med</i>, 1991. Vol 6, No 2, p 99-103.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">4. Klenner FR. Virus pneumonia and its treatment with vitamin C. <i>Southern Medicine and Surgery, </i>1948, February. Vol 110, No 2, p 36-38, 46. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html"</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">5. Levy TE. Vitamin C, infectious diseases, and toxins: Curing the incurable. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">PA</st1:state></st1:place>: Xlibris Corporation, 2002, p 52-53. ISBN: 1-4010-6964-9 (Hardcover); 1-4010-6963-0 (Softcover)] Previously reviewed in the <i>Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine,</i>2003,<i> </i>Vol 18, No 2, p 117-118.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">6. Smith, LH. Clinical guide to the use of vitamin C: The clinical experiences of Frederick R. Klenner, M.D.. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Portland</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">OR</st1:state></st1:place>: Life Sciences Press, 1988. Originally titled: Vitamin C as a fundamental medicine: Abstracts of Dr. Frederick R. Klenner, M.D.’s published and unpublished work. ISBN 0-943685-01-X. Reprinted 1991, ISBN 0-943685-13-3. The full text of this book is posted at</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html"</a> .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">7. Klenner FR. The treatment of poliomyelitis and other virus diseases with vitamin C. <i>South Med J, </i>1949, July. 3(7), p 209-214.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.orthomed.com/polio.htm" style="color: blue;">http://www.orthomed.com/polio.htm</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html"</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">8. Klenner FR. Letter to M.G. Farnsworth, Farnsworth Laboratories, Inc., <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Chicago</st1:city></st1:place>, dated October 14, 1950. Photocopy in author’s possession.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">9. Klenner FR. Massive doses of vitamin C and the virus diseases. <i>South Med J.</i> 1951 Apr;113(4):101-7. PMID: 14855098<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">10.<b> </b>Bledsoe J. Bitter blood: A true story of Southern family pride, madness, and multiple murder. NY: Dutton, 1988. Also: NY: New American Library, 1989. Page<b> </b>114.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">11. Klenner FR. Observations on the dose of administration of ascorbic acid when employed beyond the range of a vitamin in human pathology. <i>J Applied Nutrition</i>, 1971, Winter. Vol 23, No 3 and 4, p 61-68. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.orthomed.com/klenner.htm" style="color: blue;">http://www.orthomed.com/klenner.htm</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> and</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/klennerpaper.html" style="color: blue;">http://www.doctoryourself.com/klennerpaper.html</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">12. Stone I. The healing factor: Vitamin C against disease. NY: Grosset and Dunlap, 1972; p 191-192.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">13. Letter from Irwin Stone to Dr. & Mrs. Frederick R. Klenner, <st1:address w:st="on"><st1:street w:st="on">Gilmer Street</st1:street>, <st1:city w:st="on">Reidsville</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">North Carolina</st1:state></st1:address>, dated 3 June 1978. Carbon copy kindly provided by Steve Stone. The house that was the Klenners’ longtime residence is less than 20 miles north of<st1:city w:st="on">Greensboro</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">NC</st1:state>, about four miles west of US Highway 29, and five blocks north of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Annie</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Penn</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Memorial</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Hospital</st1:placetype></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">14. Saul AW. The 2005 Orthomolecular Medicine Hall of Fame. <i>J Orthomolecular Med,</i> 2005. Vol 20, No 2, p 113- 117. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://orthomolecular.org/hof/index.shtml" style="color: blue;">http://orthomolecular.org/hof/index.shtml</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">15. Miller F. Klenner’s office recalls old-fashioned practitioner. <i>Greensboro Daily News</i>, undated reprint. This medium-circulation newspaper, founded in 1909, has been known since 1982 as the <i>News-Record</i>. The periodical’s archives are accessible at<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">16. Bledsoe J, p 231.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">17. Miller F. Dr. Klenner urges taking vitamins in huge doses. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><i>Greensboro</i></st1:city></st1:place><i> Daily News</i>, Tuesday, Dec 13, 1977, p A8-A10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">18. Klenner FR. A new office procedure for the determination of plasma levels for ascorbic acid. <i>Tri-State Medical J</i>, 1956, February, p 26-28.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">19. Klenner FR. The history of lockjaw. <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1954, June. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">20.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Recent discoveries in the treatment of lockjaw with vitamin C and tolserol. <i>Tri-State Med J,</i> 1954, July.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">21. Klenner FR. A treatment of trichinosis with massive doses of vitamin C and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">para-aminobenzoic acid. <i>Tri-State Medical J</i>, 1954, April.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">22. Klenner FR. Case history: The black widow spider. <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1957, December.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">23. Klenner FR. Case history: Cure of a 4-year old child bitten by a mature Highland Moccasin with vitamin C. <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1954, July. The Highland Moccasin, a viper, is also known as the copperhead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">24. Sern EL. The intraspinal injection of vitamin B-1 for the relief of intractable pain, and for inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. <i>Amer J Surg, </i>1938. 34:495.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">25. Moore MT. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with nicotinic acid and vitamin B-1. <i>Archives Int Med, </i>1940, January, Vol 65, p 18.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">26. Zimmerman HH, Burack F. Lesions of the nervous system resulting from a deficiency of the vitamin B complex. <i>Arch Pathology</i>, 1932, February, Vol 13:207.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">27. Klenner FR. Response of peripheral and central nerve pathology to mega-doses of the vitamin B-complex and other metabolites. Parts 1 and 2.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">J Applied Nutrition,</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> 1973, 25:16-40. Free full-text download at</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.townsendletter.com/Klenner/KlennerProtocol_forMS.pdf" style="color: blue;">http://www.townsendletter.com/Klenner/KlennerProtocol_forMS.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> Also: Klenner, FR. Treating multiple sclerosis nutritionally. <i>Cancer Control J</i>, undated. 2:3, p 16-20.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">And, a similar, comprehensive MS/MG protocol is to be found in the <i>Clinical Guide to the Use of Vitamin C: The Clinical Experiences of Frederick R. Klenner, M.D.</i>, reference 6, above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">28. Program prescribed by Dr. Fred R. Klenner, a two-page itemized check-off list of nutritional recommendations for patients. Hand-dated January 25, 1979 by Irwin Stone, who added a notation that it had been “Rec’d from L. P. Institute.” (Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine). Provided by Steve Stone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">29. While it has sometimes been assumed that son Fritz Klenner (Fred Klenner Jr.) was a physician, he was not. He never attended medical school.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">30. Bledsoe J. Bitter blood: A true story of Southern family pride, madness, and multiple murder. NY: Dutton, 1988. ISBN-10:052524591X and ISBN-13: 978-0525245919. Also: NY: New American Library, 1989. ISBN-10: 0451402103 and ISBN-13: 978-0451402103.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">The book contains three black-and-white photos of Dr. Klenner. Chapter 22 focuses on his work. That chapter, and the balance of the book, is less than flattering. Publisher’s notes say that Jerry “Bledsoe wrote an award-winning series about the (Fritz Klenner) case in 1985 in the Greensboro (NC) News & Record,” where he is a senior writer and columnist. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://company.news-record.com/library.htm" style="color: blue;">http://company.news-record.com/library.htm</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> . A <i>New York Times</i> bestselling author,</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Bledsoe has also written “Before He Wakes: A True Story of Money, Marriage, Sex and Murder”; “The Angel Doll”; “Death Sentence: The True Story of Velma Barfield's Life, Crimes, and Punishment”; “Death by Journalism? One Teacher's Fateful Encounter with Political Correctness;” and “<st1:state w:st="on">North Carolina</st1:state> Curiosities: Jerry Bledsoe's Guide to Outlandish Things to See and Do in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">North Carolina</st1:place></st1:state>.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">31. <strong><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">In the Best of Families: Marriage, Pride & Madness</span></i></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> stars Kelly McGillis as Susie Lynch and Harry Hamlin as Fritz Klenner (Fred Klenner Jr.). Produced by Ambroco Media Group and Dan Wigutow Productions. Directed by Jeff Bleckneritz</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">O</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">riginally telecast in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region> by CBS in two parts, on 16 and 18 January, 1994. Later shown in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region> by BBC 1 on 19 and 20 April, 1997.<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">The film is not known to have won any awards.</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></h1>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">32. Pauling L. Foreword to:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Stone I. </span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Clinical guide to the use of vitamin C: The clinical experiences of Frederick R. Klenner, M.D..</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">For further reading:</span></div>
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<pre style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Only two of Dr. Frederick R. Klenner’s many papers are currently indexed by Medline. No abstract is available for either. <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Massive doses of vitamin C and the virus diseases. <i>South Med J,</i> 1951, Apr;113(4):101-7. PMID: 14855098. Sometimes erroneously cited as 103(4), such as in this link, which does in fact access the full text of the paper:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<pre style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. The vitamin and massage treatment for acute poliomyelitis. <i>South Med J,</i> 1952, Aug;114(8):194-7. PMID: 12984224<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">The US National Library of Medicine, the world’s largest medical library, indexes nothing whatsoever written by Klenner after 1952, when he published primarily in the <i>Tri-State Medical Journal</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Additional Bibliography:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Fatigue, normal and pathological, with special consideration of myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis. <i>Southern Medicine and Surgery</i>, 1949, September, Vol 111, No 9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. The use of vitamin C as an antibiotic. <i>Journal of Applied Nutrition</i>, 1953. 6:274-278.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Also may have appeared in 1953; <i>Southern Medicine and Surgery</i>,1953, Vol 114(8).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.whale.to/v/c/index.html"</a> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">and </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://whale.to/v/c/klenner1.html" style="color: blue;">http://whale.to/v/c/klenner1.html</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. A critical analysis of the Francis report concerning the 1954 poliomyelitis vaccine program. <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1955, June.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Poliomyelitis vaccine: Brodie vs. Salk, <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1955, July.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. The role of ascorbic acid in therapeutics. (Letter) <i>Tri-State Medical J</i>, 1955, November, p 34.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Poliomyelitis: Case histories. <i>Tri-State Medical J, </i>1956, September, p 28-31.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. An insidious virus. <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1957, June.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">The folly in the continued use of a killed polio virus vaccine. <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1959, February, p 1-8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Encephalitis as a sequelae of the pneumonias. <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1960, February, p 7-11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Observations on the dose and administration of ascorbic acid when employed beyond the range of a vitamin in human pathology. <i>J Appl Nutr</i> 1971; 23(3&4), 60-89.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Significance of high daily intake of ascorbic acid in preventive medicine. <i>J Int Acad Prev Med,</i> 1974; Spring. 1:1, 45-69. Also: In Williams RJ and Kalita DK, editors. <i>A physician's handbook on orthomolecular medicine</i>. 1977. <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>: Pergamon, p 51-59. ISBN-10: 0080215335; ISBN-13: 978-0080215334. Reprinted 1979: <st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on">New Canaan CT</st1:address></st1:street>: Keats. ISBN-10: 0879831995;ISBN-13: 978-0879831998.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Publications attributed to Frederick R. Klenner include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Paper presented in the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Tri-State Medical Association of the Carolinas and <st1:state w:st="on">Virginia</st1:state>, held in<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Columbia</st1:city></st1:place>, Feb 19th and 20, 1951. May have been published in the <i>Journal of Applied Nutrition</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. News about Diabetes Mellitus (letter). <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1955, May.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner FR. Poliomyelitis vaccine: The authorities speak. <i>Tri-State Med J</i>, 1956, March.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Klenner may also have published in <i>Tri-State Med J</i> in April, 1954 and again in October, 1958.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Andrew Saul is the author of the books <i>FIRE YOUR DOCTOR!</i> How <i>to be Independently Healthy </i>(reader reviews at<i></i><a href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/review.html" style="color: blue;">http://www.doctoryourself.com/review.html</a> ) and <i>DOCTOR YOURSELF: Natural Healing that Works.</i> (reviewed at<a href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/saulbooks.html" style="color: blue;">http://www.doctoryourself.com/saulbooks.html</a> )</span></b></div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-79460081364436244282014-01-14T11:29:00.002-08:002014-01-14T11:31:06.882-08:00<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
The Top Seventeen Health, Nutritional and Medical Lies!</h3>
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The following list includes the biggest health, nutritional, and medical lies, deceit, deceptions and inventions that we have been told by a doctor, a nurse, a scientist, a teacher, a nutritionist, a health guru, a Pharmaceutical Company, the American Medical Association, the American Cancer Society, the Center of Disease Control and/or the World Health Organization, just to name a few.<br />
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1) The Mexican Swine Flu Virus is a potential pandemic and can kill you.<br />
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This is a scientific illusion. Viruses do not kill, acids kill. All viruses are nothing more than dietary and/or metabolic acid. The word virus in Latin means poison or acid. All flu's or acids by definition effect only the gastrointestinal tract due to acidic foods and drinks ingested - not viruses. So the Mexican Swine Flu Virus that has been reported by the CDC to have killed over 1000 Mexicans is the result of an excess of gastrointestinal acid from the ingestion of acidic foods and drinks that have not been properly buffered by the stomach with alkaline salts or eliminated through the four channels of elimination - lungs, bowels, bladder and/or skin. For these unfortunate Mexicans or others in the US or around the world that have died, the cause of death was due to an excess of acidic foods and drinks, including Tequila, beer, beans, rice, corn, peanuts, yeast, soy sauce, high sugar fruit, processed sugar, artificial sugar, dairy products, chicken, turkey, beef and of course the biggest acid of all - SWINE. That's right, the acids from PORK can kill. So 1000 Mexicans did not die from a pHantom Mexican Swine Flu Virus but they died from a dis-ease I call, "I Ate and Drank TOO Much Acidic Crap Disease." The simple solution for protecting you from an excess of gastrointestinal acid from an acidic diet and lifestyle that can and does kill is to increase your alkaline buffering mineral salts. All flu's or acid outbreaks can be prevented and reversed with sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium bicarbonate. YES, it is that simple! You can prevent gastrointestinal acidosis that can lead to stomach flu, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea, constipation, and even death. No need to fear a pandemic, just the acidic foods and drinks you are ingesting. You can protect yourself and your family with the pH Miracle Lifestyle and Diet I call, "Young Living." That is why I created the products pHour Salts, puripHy salts, pHlavor salts and pHlush salts. To learn more about these Young pHorever acid protecting products go to:<br />
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http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-221-phour-salts-tm-454-grams.aspx<br />
http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-390-puriphy-2-oz.aspx<br />
http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-356-young-phorever-phlush-tm-powder-200-grams.aspx<br />
http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-211-phlavor-2-oz-travel-bottle.aspx<br />
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2) The Flu vaccine will protect you from the flu virus.<br />
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This is a falsehood. There is no such thing as a flu virus and therefore there is no need for a poisonous acidic flu vaccine made with chicken embryos, formaldehyde, mercury, detergent, and alcohol. The flu is the body in preservation mode increasing body temperature to activate the lymphatic system to remove excess dietary and/or metabolic acids in the tissues via respiration, perspiration, defecation and urination. The key to reversing the symptoms of the Flu is hydration with alkaline fluids and sweating with infrared sauna or exercise.<br />
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http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-175-jupiter-melody-water-ionizer.aspx<br />
http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-189-ph-miracle-dry-heat-sauna-model-1000.aspx<br />
http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-304-vibraphirm.aspx<br />
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3) Taking antibiotics will kill bacteria.<br />
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This is medical subgerfuge and distortion as even the medical community realizes that antibiotics don't do what they are supposed to do. We say with alarm that disease is becoming resistant to antibiotics. They are not "resistant" because they have never been operative or effective. Antibiotics are the acidic waste products of fermentation. To make an antibiotic, you need a yeast or mold and some sugar for the yeast or mold to ferment. The bi-product of the yeast or mold fermenting the sugar is the acidic antibiotic. The acids from antibiotics DO NOT KILL BACTERIA. They only force the bacteria to change. Into what does bacteria change? Into yeast and mold. That is why when you take antibiotics you end up with a yeast infection! That's the antibiotic causing the bacteria to change from one form to another. I call this process of change "biological transformation" and the reason why you should NEVER take antibiotics. Try the COWS Plan. It is safer and more effective.<br />
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http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-383-young-phorever-cows-starter-pack.aspx<br />
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4) The stomach should be acidic and contains hydrochloric acid or HCL to digest food.<br />
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This is one of the biggest scientific misconceptions ever. First, the stomach is NOT and organ of digestion. Most so-called digestion starts in the mouth. That's why your mom said to chew your food. The stomach is an organ that alkalizes the food and liquids that you eat. The stomach cells, called the cover cells, secrete sodium bicarbonate onto the ingested food and drink to alkalize the food, not to digest the food. For every molecule of sodium bicarbonate produced by the stomach for alkalizing, a molecule of hydrochloric acid is produced as a waste product. Hydrochloric acid or HCL never touches the food or drink but falls into the gastric pits of the stomach away from the food and drink as the sodium bicarbonate rises to the top to alkalize the food and/or liquids ingested. This is necessary in order to prepare the food in an alkaline state for the duodenum and the small intestine where the liquid food is then biologically transformed into stem cells. There is NO part of the alimentary canal that does not secret sodium bicarbonate for alkalizing. In conclusion, the stomach is an organ of contribution and alkalizing, not a digestive organ as medical savants would have us believe. So now you know it is a whopper of a lie.<br />
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5) A cold is caused by a virus.<br />
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This is another whopper--a century long distortion. A cold is the body removing excess dietary and/or metabolic acids through the orifices of the body to maintain its delicate alkaline pH. Colds are NOT caused by viruses but are caused by eating too much acidic GARBAGE. I won't get YOUR cold if MY body is properly alkaline. Excess acids can also be caused by your thoughts or negative emotions which can also give rise to the elimination of these acids through various orifices, such as your eyes, ears, mouth or nose.<br />
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6) Pharmaceutical drugs may have side-effects.<br />
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What an intentional obfuscation this is! Pharmaceutical drugs do not have side-effects; they have EFFECTS! And lots of them! If you take the drugs, plan on them affecting your health in many negative and acidic ways.<br />
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7) The brain and body runs on sugar.<br />
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This is closer to gross ignorance than a lie. Sugar is a metabolic acid and has no value in the body. None. Zero. Zip. Nada. The brain and body does NOT run on sugar; it runs on electrons - just like every other cell in the human body. Increase your healthy brain function with more electrons with electron-rich food and water.<br />
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http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-353-ph-miracle-water-12-750-ml-bottles.aspx<br />
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8) Cancer is a disease of the tissues.<br />
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NO! Cancer is not a disease of the tissues but a disease of the fluids of the body. After a trillion dollars spent since President Nixon declared war on cancer, we still pretend not to know what it is. But it has become a several hundred billion dollar industry.....larger than the automobile industry. Cancer is an acidic, environmental, dietary and/or metabolic liquid; it is NOT a cell and we ALL have some of it in our body to greater or lesser degree. The more acid we have in our body, the greater the risk for cancerous tissues. Cancer therefore is a four letter word: ACID! And cancer's fumbling, bumbling proponents have put forth another four letter word: MYTH.<br />
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9) HIV is a virus and causes AIDS.<br />
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This is an incredible whopper! And because the real and UNEXAMINED TRUTH has been explained by several scientists for many years, it is MORE than a whopper. It is now a fraud. There is NO HIV virus. You heard me right; there is NO HIV virus! There never has been. AIDS or immune deficiency is caused by an acidic way of living, eating and thinking. There is no need for drugs, but just the need to change to an alkaline lifestyle and diet and PRESTO.... NO MORE AIDS. It works 100 percent of the time if you get going before the drugs and wrong diet have taken you right up to death's door.<br />
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10) HPV is a virus and causes cervical cancer.<br />
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This is also an incredible whopper! HPV does not cause cervical cancer. Metabolic and/or dietary acid causes cancer. HPV is another pHantom virus. It does not exist. The cause of reproductive cancers are from the acids you produce from what you eat, what you think, and how you live. You don't get cancer you do cancer. So stop doing cancer with an acidic lifestyle and diet and start doing "Young Living" and the pH Miracle alkaline lifestyle and diet.<br />
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11) Taking digestive enzymes will help digestion.<br />
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This is a major fable and fabrication to which many holistic doctors prescribe. And it's a dangerous one....especially for people who take digestive enzymes all the time. Enzymes are acids from fermentation and are poisonous. Just like Draino, taking enzymes will eventually destroy your alkalizing alimentary canal. One will kill you fast and one will kill you slow! Digestive enzymes may break down meat, but nutritional science clearly tells us that you shouldn't be eating meat. They will break you down too because guess what? Your alimentary canal is meat!!<br />
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12) Blood is made in the marrow of the bones.<br />
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This inaccuracy and science fiction began with the distortions of four scientists in 1952 when they conducted starvation studies on rabbits and pigeons and decided after autopsy that blood was created in the bones. This is NOT correct. The primary site of blood production is in the crypts of the intestinal villi in the small intestine. When acids (antibiotics, acid food and drink, enzymes, probiotics) damage or destroy the intestinal villi, then the body makes blood out of various body cells such as the bones. The studies on blood in 1952 may likely have been the correct conclusion if the autopsies had been done on humans--assuming the bodies had starved to death like the rabbits and pigeons. Logically, autopsies are done on people who have been very sick and finally died. The body is so sick that blood has not been made in the the intestinal villi perhaps for some time. Now medical savants have amazingly discovered that blood can also be made in the liver. The truth is that it can also be made from all the organs and all the cells once the body is sickly enough. Hopefully, we won't be doing autopsies on healthy bodies because they rarely die. But if we did, we'd find out where blood is really made in a healthy body....in the crypts of the intestinal villi in the twenty-seven feet of the small intestine.<br />
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13) Germs cause disease via an infection.<br />
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This is another invention based on faulty scientific premises. Germs are nothing more than the biological transformation of organized matter disorganizing. Germs therefore are the RESULT of fermenting matter and not the CAUSE of fermenting matter, just as the smoke of a fired gun is not the cause but the evidence that the gun has been fired. When you see bacteria, yeast or mold on food, this is a result of food deterioration, not a result of an infection. When I see bacteria or yeast in the blood, I know this is a result of blood or body cells biologically transforming and not a result of an infection. In other words, germs are born in us and from us. The infection can only contribute to a state of imbalance but CANNOT cause ANY specific disease. So stay away from all treatment plans, traditional or alternative that focuses on the killing germs. If the drug or supplement will kill germs it will also kill you.<br />
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14) High Cholesterol in the form of low density lipoproteins or LDL's can cause heart attacks and strokes.<br />
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Cholesterol does NOT cause heart attacks or stokes. Not a single one. This is a distortion and an inaccuracy based on faulty observation and inquiry. Environmental, dietary and metabolic acid cause heart attacks and strokes. The body releases cholesterol or LDL's to buffer or chelate the toxic lethal affects of acid to protect the body, not harm the body. It is your thoughts, your words and your deeds that create waste products or acids. If these acids are not eliminated through urination. perspiration, defection or respiration, the body will release cholesterol or LDL's to buffer these acids for protection and not for destruction. A recent landmark study showed that you are more likely to have a heart attack or stroke with normal or low cholesterol then a person with a total cholesterol over 300. Your risk for a heart attack or stroke increases significantly as your acid levels increase or if you lower your cholesterol with drugs without lowering your production of acid from the environment, lifestyle, diet and/or metabolism.<br />
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15) Eating protein builds muscles.<br />
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Wrong again. This is another fictitious distortion based on faulty observation based on a) preconceived notions about how the body works and b) the failure of science to sufficiently isolate variables when making so-called scientific observations. Tell the strongest animals in the world--vegetarian animals--that eating protein builds muscle. Eating protein actually makes you weak and eventually sick and tired from the debilitating acids of sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric and uric acid. The body builds muscle from blood and not from plant or animal protein. At the Ranch we grow avocados. We give our avocados minerals, water and sunshine - no protein. Yet, our avocados are 80% healthy fat and 15% protein. If you want to build muscle you have to build blood. And to build blood you have to eat green foods and lots of them.<br />
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http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-378-doc-brocs-power-plants.aspx<br />
http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-306-liquid-chloropheal.aspx<br />
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16) Obesity is a fat problem.<br />
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I would call this a big fat lie. A big Whopper with cheese and bacon. No, I'm sorry fat doctors, fat farms and fat clinics of the world. Obesity is an acid problem, not a fat problem. The body protects itself against acidic lifestyles and diets by making and using fat. Think of fat as your parking places for environmental, dietary, and metabolic acids that are not properly eliminated via urination, perspiration, defecation and/or respiration. You can now say that fat is saving your life. Thank you fat! Be glad that fat was not accumulating inside your veins and arteries. At least collecting on your hips and belly you could see the fat and decide if you want to do something about it. All you need to do is get off your fat acid and go to health with an alkaline lifestyle and diet. The average weight loss on the pH Miracle Lifestyle and Diet is 1 pound a day - 30 pounds in 30 days. As you alkalize the fat melts away with all of its acidic contents.<br />
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http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-380-young-phorever-weight-loss-starter-pack.aspx<br />
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17) Hormone replacement therapy can help balance your hormones.<br />
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This greedy fiction and pharmaceutical deception is actually hurting ever so many unknowing innocent women. The first thing to understand is that hormones are acidic waste products of endocrine gland function. Balancing your hormones would be like balancing your car's carbon monoxide exhaust. You would never give you car more acidic carbon monoxide to help it run better. You would change the oil, the filter or use a more energy efficient fuel. This is what you need to do when you have endocrine or energy imbalance. You need to change your lifestyle and diet to an alkaline lifestyle and diet with liberal amounts of electron rich green foods. You can easily try our Deluxe Pack to start the process of endocrine balance and energy. You'll see a difference in a very short period of time.<br />
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http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-382-young-phorever-deluxe-starter-pack.aspx</div>
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<span style="color: #777777; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px;">Articles of Health are the writings of Robert O. Young D.Sc., Ph.D., based upon his theory that the human organism is alkaline by design and acidic by function. He suggests that there is only one sickness and one disease which is caused by an over acidification of the blood and then tissues due to an inverted way of living, eating and thinking. There is no way to have health and acidity -- health and alkalinity is the way!</span></div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-8284679213359242032013-12-26T04:21:00.001-08:002013-12-26T04:21:53.238-08:00<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #fffde9; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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<span style="color: black;">HOW TO RESTORE INTESTINAL FLORA, AND WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DON'T?</span></h1>
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If you see a thirty something man with gray hair, or a forty year old woman with bolding head, or a fifty year old stroke victim in a coffin, or a sixty-five year old grandpa with shaking hands, or a seventy year old grandma with dementia — look no further than inside their compromised guts.</div>
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You see, besides making passable stools, gut bacteria also synthesize vitamins B-7 (biotin), B-12, and K. The deficiency of these essential vitamins contributes to diabetes, obesity, hair loss, gray hair, eczema, seborrhea, anemia, internal bleedings, ulcers, strokes, cancers, degenerative disorders such as Parkinson and Alzheimer disease, and common gastrointestinal, respiratory, and autoimmune disorders.</div>
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<a href="http://www.gutsense.org/gutsense/the-role-of-miralax-laxative-in-autism-dementia-alzheimer.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Miralax Safety Alert" border="0" longdesc="http://www.gutsense.org/store/The%20U.S.%20Food%20and%20Drug%20Administration%20placed%20Polyethylene%20Glycol%203350%20(Miralax)%20on%20its%20Adverse%20Event%20Reporting%20System%20(AERS)%20in%20connection%20to%20neuropsychiatric%20events." src="http://www.gutsense.org/gutsense/img/fda_miralax_alert.jpg" /></a></div>
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Healthy intestinal flora is also vital for prevention of constipation, for maintaining your primary immunity (phagocytosis), for shielding your large intestine from colon cancer, and for averting yeast infection inside your mouth or vagina.</div>
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Reader's Testimonial</div>
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“<i>I found your website 3 years ago because of constant constipation even when eating vegetables, fruit etc., and was scheduled for my second colonoscopy. After reading all your information I have been taking probiotics with every meal and am amazed at the ease of passing bowel movements... and EVERY DAY! Thank You for the website!</i>”<br /><br />E.-J., Canada (via e-mail)</div>
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After bacteria inside the gut are killed by antibiotics, laxatives, heavy metals, surgeries, and colonoscopies, fiber is broadly recommended to replace bacteria and form stools, otherwise they turn into grayish rock-hard pebbles, and turn a routine trip to the bathroom into a torture. This condition is called <i>disbacteriosis</i> or <i>disbiosis</i>.</div>
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It's also an open secret among medical professionals that disbacteriosis harms patients, particularly children and seniors, who are the most vulnerable. Children — because of diarrhea and underdeveloped immunity. Seniors — because of practically all age-related diseases, impaired immunity, and colorectal disorders.</div>
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<a href="" name="causes"></a>What are the causes of disbacteriosis?</h2>
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Well, anything that kills <i>bad</i> bacteria also kills <i>good</i> bacteria, which are identical single-cell living organisms, albeit better behaving. Here‘s just a brief list of the most egregious villains. You will not find any particular recommendations here, because they‘re self-evident: <i>don‘t use fiber, avoid antibiotics, remove amalgam fillings, use natural soaps,</i> etc. Here we go:</div>
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<i><b>Protein deficiency</b>.</i> The intestinal flora derives its energy and plastic nutrients not from food, but from mucin, which is secreted by healthy mucous membranes. Mucin is a glycoprotein—a molecule that bonds glucose with amino acids. Gastric and intestinal mucus is formed by combining mucin and water. Mucus protects the lining of the stomach and intestines from mechanical damage, enzymes, gastric acid, astringent bile, and food-born pathogens. The deficiency of the essential amino acid threonine, for example, curbs the body‘s ability to produce mucin, and, correspondingly, the bacteria‘s ability to function and procreate.</div>
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<i><b><a href="" name="Excess_dietary_fiber">Excess dietary fiber</a></b>. </i>(Yes, you‘re reading it right.) The by-products of fiber‘s bacterial fermentation (short chain fatty acids, ethanol, and lactic acid) destroy bacteria for the same reason acids and alcohols are routinely used to sterilize surgical instruments—they burst bacterial membranes on contact. And that‘s how fiber addiction develops: as the fermentation destroys bacteria, you need more and more fiber to form stools. If you suddenly drop all fiber, and no longer have many bacteria left, constipation sets in as soon as the large intestine clears itself of the remaining bulk.</div>
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For some reason this point is causing intense consternation and controversy among the “experts” on all things fiber. If you are one too, and believe that I am stretching the facts to fit my point of view, please note the following:</div>
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(1) The operative phenomenon here isn't that “<i>fiber causes disbacteriosis,</i>” — but <i>'<b>excess</b>fiber'</i> — as in “<i>the fermentation of <b>excess</b> dietary fiber</i>.”</div>
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(2) Let me remind you that wine in the vat left for too long turns into vinegar, all the bacteria die off, and the fermentation stops. Bacterial fermentation in the wine vat, dear opponents, and in the pile of feces happens to be exactly the same process.</div>
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(3) Finally, consider this corroborating quote: “<i>Colonic bacteria ferment unabsorbed carbohydrates into CO2, methane, H2, and short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate, and lactate). These fatty acids cause diarrhea. The gases cause abdominal distention and bloating</i>.” (Malabsorption Syndromes; <a href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch017/ch017a.html#sec02-ch017-ch017a-992" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy</a>.) Let the diarrhea run its course a day too long, and disbacteriosis will soon follow. (God, I love those rare moments when Merck and I are singing the same tune.)</div>
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<i><b>Intestinal acidity</b>.</i> Besides fermentation, excess acidity may occur when the pancreas fails to neutralize the stomach‘s content because of pancreatic disorders or an obstruction. In this instance, acidic digestive juices spill into the large intestine and destroy bacteria. Interestingly enough, the most likely cause of obstruction in an otherwise healthy person is the blockage of the pancreatic ducts by—you guessed it—too much indigestible fiber in the duodenum. Normal acidity (i.e. safe for bacteria) for stools is within the 6 to 7.2 pH range.</div>
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<i><b>Diarrhea</b>.</i> Acute intestinal infection, food poisoning, laxatives, medical intervention, and other conditions may cause prolonged diarrhea, which will literally wash out all of the bacteria from your gut. An appendectomy (the removal of the appendix) also increases the risk of disbacteriosis, because the appendix preserves the “starter” culture when diarrhea occurs.</div>
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<b><i>Antibiotics and antibacterial medication</i></b> (such as sulfanilamide, sulpha derivatives, Dynapen, Urex, Nydrazid, Macrodantin, Rifadin, and many others). Antibiotics and antibacterial drugs play an important, life-saving role in many circumstances. However, these drugs are widely and indiscriminately overprescribed to children and adults alike. One such prescription is often sufficient to wipe out the entire bacterial population of your gut.</div>
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<i><b>Antibiotic residue in fowl, fish, livestock, and milk</b>. </i>Industrial farming necessitates the use of continuous, large doses of antibiotics to keep crowded, confined animals alive. Inevitably, some of these antibiotics transfer to the food supply, and affect humans.</div>
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<i><b>Heavy metals</b>.</i> Mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, silver, and other metals are extremely toxic, even in trace amounts. The sources of contamination vary from industrial pollutants to household chemicals, batteries to electronic components, measuring devices, and other sources. Children are the most vulnerable.</div>
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<i><b>Silverware</b>.</i> Silver is traditionally used for kitchen utensils, goblets, plates, and pitchers for its strong antibacterial properties. Silver flatware isn‘t such a good idea after all, especially for babies.</div>
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<i><b>Mercury from dental amalgam</b>.</i> This pollutant is omnipresent in the United States. Amalgam fillings are placed indiscriminately into cavities, because amalgam is cheap and easy to work with. The American Dental Association insists that dental amalgam is safe[5], while the Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classify amalgam as a toxic and hazardous substance: “Another source of exposure to low levels of elemental mercury in the general population is elemental mercury released in the mouth from dental amalgam fillings[6]” (Transportation, storage, and disposal of mercury is regulated by the Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR 1910.1000<i>,</i> and its willful violation is a criminal offense, except when mercury is “stored” in your mouth by a licensed dentist.) It isn‘t surprising that dentists in the United States have the highest rate of depression, suicide, and drug and alcohol addiction, and the lowest life expectancy among all medical professionals. This could likely be the result of long-term exposure to mercury, which, as already mentioned, is a potent poison, neurotoxin, and carcinogen; one that gradually destroys nervous systems, causes cancers, kills off friendly bacteria, and brings about... an addiction to fiber.</div>
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<i><b>Artificial food coloring</b>.</i> Years ago, a color pigment called <i>crystal violet</i> (also known as <i>crystal gentian</i>) was widely used as a topical antiseptic. There are good reasons to believe that long-term exposure to artificial food coloring may affect intestinal bacteria in the same way crystal violet affected (killed) topical bacteria.</div>
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<i><b>Medical treatments and environmental pollutants</b>.</i> Chemo- and radiotherapy kill bacteria for the same reason they kill cancerous cells. There are other factors that negatively affect the intestinal flora, such as industrial pollutants, household chemicals, antibacterial soaps, and toxic substances found in toothpaste, shampoo, and detergents.</div>
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<i><b>Quackery</b>.</i> If stools aren‘t “clean,” then the colon must be “dirty.” This apparently logical inference is the base for “miracle cures” of constipation, migraine, halitosis, yeast infection, indigestion, and an endless array of other ills. While most of these conditions are indeed connected to the dysfunction of the large intestine, “cleaning” the colon isn‘t a solution, but a sure formula for creating even more problems by causing even more severe forms of disbacteriosis.</div>
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As you can see, a lot of things, particularly the ones that make a bundle of money for someone without any scruples, have a greater than great potential for killing the bugs inside your gut, ruining your good looks, and dispatching you to the grave.</div>
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<a href="" name="diagnosis"></a>How to determine if you are affected by disbacteriosis?</h2>
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Advised by their veterinarians, farmers pay big bucks for bacterial supplements imported from Europe to keep their farm animals well and productive, because nobody will buy a bloated, underweight, sickly calf that‘s suffering from chronic diarrhea and digestive distress.</div>
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Well, disbacteriosis in humans isn‘t any more difficult to spot than it is in livestock. Here are the telltale signs of this condition:</div>
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<i><b>Absence of intestinal gases</b>.</i> When dietary fiber (soluble as well as insoluble) is present in the diet, intestinal gases are produced by bacterial metabolism. A complete absence of gases (in the presence of dietary fiber) suggests an absence of fermentation. Small amounts of soluble (digestible) fiber, such as fruit pectin, speed up the proliferation of intestinal flora, while avoiding excessive fermentation.</div>
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<i><b>Undigested fiber in stool</b> </i>can be seen as white or dark specks. This is best determined by a stool exam performed by a medical lab (CDSA, or Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis). The same exam may superficially determine the symbiotic and pathogenic bacterial content and ratio, but only for a minor subset of hundreds of innate strains.</div>
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<i><b>Constipation</b>.</i> Constipation is one of the most prominent signs, especially when the stools are dry or hard. This means there is too little bacteria to loosen up the formed feces and keep them moist, because, unlike other stool components, bacterial cells retain moisture.</div>
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<i><b>Intermittent or chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn‘s disease</b>.</i> As you‘ve read above, the introduction of desirable bacteria into the affected large intestine heals these conditions. So it‘s a no-brainer to assume that, along with fiber, disbacteriosis plays a significant role in their pathogenesis.</div>
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<i><b>Frequent respiratory infections, asthma, bronchitis, chronic rhinitis, post-nasal drip, nasal voice, sinus congestions, and allergies</b>. </i>These primarily chronic conditions indicate a weakened immune system because of disbacteriosis. They usually appear after a routine respiratory infection that was treated with antibiotics, which in turn damage intestinal flora.</div>
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<i><b>Blood-clotting problems</b>. </i>Hard-to-stop ordinary bleeding and easy bruising (ecchymoses)—dark, blotchy areas of hemorrhages under the skin—may indicate a deficiency of vitamin K, which is a by-product of bacterial metabolism. Before making this determination, rule out vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) and anticlotting medications such as <i>aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen (</i>NSAIDs), <i>warfarin,</i> and others.</div>
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<i><b>Neurological problems and anemia</b>.</i> Vitamin B12 is essential for the normal functioning of the nervous system and production of red blood cells. Since red meat and eggs were almost eliminated from the “healthy” Western diet until the Atkins-style diet came into vogue, the intestinal flora was the only remaining “natural” source of vitamin B12. Numbness and tingling of the hands and feet, paleness, shortness of breath, chronic fatigue, a sore mouth and tongue, and mental confusion are the most common symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency. At this stage, supplements are the only viable option to quickly treat and reverse these symptoms.</div>
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Keep in mind that any one of these signs may indicate other conditions. It‘s always best to consult a caring, competent physician and ask him or her to arrange for a comprehensive digestive stool analysis (CDSA) at a medical lab.</div>
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<a href="" name="restore"></a>How to restore intestinal flora inside your gut?</div>
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Eliminating disbacteriosis literally means “infecting,” or, as a microbiologist might say, reinoculating your large intestine with synergistic bacterial strains. In practical terms, it means that you need to take a quality pre- and probiotics, such as <i><a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/colrectkit.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Colorectal Recovery Program</a></i>, which I specifically developed for this purpose.</div>
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Supplemental probiotics are the most accessible, inexpensive, and easiest form of oral bacterial therapy. You can take these supplements continuously, periodically, or on an as-needed basis, relying on your observations of stools and other symptoms of disbacteriosis as described here and in my books.</div>
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The <i><a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/colrectkit.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Colorectal Recovery Program</a></i> is recommended for all disbacteriosis-related conditions. These include chronic constipation, bloating, diarrhea, irritable bowel disease, diverticulosis, depressed immunity, chronic fatigue, anemia, infertility, amenorrhea, acne, hair loss, graying hair, premature aging, prediabetes, diabetes, neurological damage intestinal disorders, oral sores, asthma, acne, seborrhea, respiratory and urogenital infections, recurring vaginal and oral yeast infections, complications from infectious diseases, cancers, radio- and chemo- therapy, antibiotics and antiviral treatments, and after heavy metal poisoning—such as lead or mercury from amalgam fillings.</div>
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The <i><a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/colrectkit.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Colorectal Recovery Program</a></i> is particularly effective while breastfeeding and during restrictive weight loss diets, such as the Atkins diet, because it prevents constipation, and eliminates the risk of undernutrition or malnutrition from damaging your eyes, hearing, skin, bones, teeth, hair, and nails.</div>
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Unlike most probiotics in liquid form, powder, or gelatin capsules, probiotic capsules in the<i><a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/colrectkit.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Colorectal Recovery Program</a></i> are coated with inert cellulose (“enteric”). This technology prevents dissolution in the stomach, protects the microorganisms from stomach‘s acidity, and assures effective release in the large intestine to assure bacteria survival and colonization. This means you can take it any time, with or without a meal.</div>
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The <i><a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/colrectkit.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Colorectal Recovery Program</a></i> is particularly effective when you have a severe case of long-term disbacteriosis because it contains a high quality <i>prebiotic</i> formula (<i><a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/gi_recovery.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">GI Recovery</a></i>) that I specifically developed to enhance the survival and effectiveness of probiotics once inside the gut.</div>
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Unlike practically all fiber-based prebiotics,<i><a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/gi_recovery.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"> GI Recovery</a> </i>contains L-Glutamine — an amino acid that stimulates the regeneration of intestinal mucosa that is actually “home” and source of nourishment for intestinal bacteria. Also, this approach doesn't cause gas or flatulence the way fiber-based probiotics do.</div>
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If you suffering from chronic constipation, hemorrhoidal disease, incomplete emptying, then restoring anorectal sensitivity should be your next goal. Please continue reading the <i><a href="http://www.gutsense.org/gutsense/sensitivity.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">How to restore anorectal sensitivity</a> </i>page to learn how.</div>
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For additional details about the <a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/colrectkit.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><i>Colorectal Recovery Program</i></a> or to order it, please visit its<a href="http://www.gutsense.org/store/colrectkit.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">product page</a>.</div>
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<a href="" name="faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></div>
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<b><a href="" name="Activia"></a>Q. How long do I have to take intestinal flora?</b></div>
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The content of your toilet bowl will tell you. If your stools are light, fluffy, small, and moist without fiber in your diet, you‘re okay flora-wise. I also recommend rotating various brands of probiotics for optimal effect.</div>
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You should always take probiotics after any treatment that may damage the intestinal flora, such as a course of antibiotics, laxatives, chemo-, radio-, and retroviral therapy, severe food poisoning, diarrhea, and similar circumstances.</div>
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Some brands of probiotics (not Enterophilus), especially liquid formulas, may cause severe bloating. You should always exercise caution when trying out a new brand. Keep in mind that it takes from a few days to a few weeks for intestinal flora to take hold.</div>
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<b>Q. I take intestinal flora regularly, but still struggle with constipation.</b></div>
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If you are taking certain common medicines, or if you already have some form of colorectal damage, such as hemorrhoids or nerve da*mage, then bacterial supplements aren‘t going to eliminate those underlying causes of chronic constipation—even if your stools become picture-perfect in all other respects.</div>
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You may also suffer from delayed stomach emptying (gastroparesis), so your bacteria never reach the large intestine alive. That‘s because they can't bypass the stomach's acidity and enzymes, even when taken in the morning on presumably an empty stomach.</div>
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In this case you‘ll need to use the safest possible method (such as Hydro-C) to stimulate regular defecation. Whatever you decide to do, it still would be better for you than going back to fiber, because the next round of recovery may be even more complicated. Plus, keep in mind all those other essential health properties of intestinal flora, as described above.</div>
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In some respects, bacterial supplements are very much like prescription eyeglasses—you don‘t expect them to magically fix bad eyesight, but are still darn grateful for being able to see.</div>
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<b>Q. Do you recommend liquid probiotic formulas that can be found in health stores?</b></div>
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To find an answer to this question, I have experimented with several brands in the past. Some left me bloated and flatulent for considerable stretches of time, even on a fiber-free diet. Perhaps they‘d been just too effective. Or, it‘s possible that live bacteria from liquid formulas took hold in the upper sections of the small intestine, where they shouldn‘t be. You may require a course of antibiotics to wipe them out if the discomfort becomes unbearable.</div>
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It‘s less likely to happen with capsules, such as <i>Enterophilus</i>, because the bacteria in these preparations are sublimated (dried out) into hibernation. They remain ‘asleep‘ while ‘commuting‘ through the folds of the small intestine. This trip—from the stomach to large intestine—takes around 24 hours. Once these bacteria reach the relative safety of the blind gut (it has the proper pH and no enzymes to devour them), they finally wake up and get into action.</div>
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<b><a href="" name="yogurt"></a>Q. Can I keep my gut flora healthy by drinking Dannon's Activia or similar products?</b></div>
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Very, very unlikely. The presumably “live” or “active” bacteria in the commercially fermented beverages such as Activia, including organic ones, are likely to be dead by the time you buy them. So they won't have any beneficial effect on your digestive organs.</div>
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Manufacturers briefly expose the finished product to high heat in order to shut down fermentation (by killing bacteria, of course). This extends the shelf life of the finished product and prevents blowouts, separation of whey and solids, and spoilage.</div>
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You can easily determine if the bacteria in your favorite yogurt are indeed “live” or “active.” Pour the beverage into a clean glass, cover it tightly with plastic wrap, and leave the glass overnight in a warm place, such as the boiler room or near a warm electrical appliance. If, come morning, the wrap remains flat, it means the fermentation didn‘t start and the gases didn‘t form because the bacteria were long dead.</div>
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Even if you get lucky, and the bacteria are still alive, your stomach acid and enzymes will kill them on contact anyway. No surprise here—sterilization of food is, in fact, one of the stomach‘s key functions. Unlike bacteria in yogurt, supplemental 'dry' bacteria survive the stomach's hostile environment because they are specifically designed to bypass it.</div>
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So how can products like Dannon® Activia™ claim to restore “regularity” for some? Well, that happens not because of the bacteria, but due to the presence of <i>inulin</i>—a soluble fiber additive, which happens to be a potent laxative. Each serving of Activia contains 3 g of inulin. That's more soluble fiber than in six capsules of <a href="http://www.metamucil.com/metamucil-capsules.shtml#4" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Metamucil Fiber Capsules</a> laxative — they have only 2 g.</div>
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Inulin is harvested from plants, and is broadly used as a filler and stabilizer in processed foods. Without some kind of industrial-strength stabilizer, ersatz dairy like Activia, which is “cooked” from dry milk, would separate into water and solids before reaching consumers:</div>
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In addition to inulin, Activia's label lists the following ingredients (<a href="http://www.activia.us.com/popup_4pack_light_strawberry.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dannon ® Activia™ Light Strawberry</a>, illustration modified, click the link to see the original):</div>
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<a href="http://www.activia.us.com/popup_4pack_light_strawberry.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" height="319" src="http://www.gutsense.org/gutsense/img/Activia-Content.gif" width="389" /></a></div>
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That's hardly a recipe for healthy food! Lets investigate these ingredients:</div>
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<i><b>Cultured grade A non fat milk</b> </i>is a euphemism for dry milk dissolved in water. Dry milk is produced by spray-drying skim milk at extremely high temperatures. This process causes oxidation of remaining lipids, which, in turn, are implicated in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=2678267&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">atherosclerosis</a> and cancers.</div>
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<i><b>Water</b>.</i> That's tap water from the municipal water supply closest to the Dannon factory. It's the same water with which you and I would flush a toilet. While by itself, filtered and dechlorinated municipal water isn't particularly harmful, is that what you're paying for with this “yogurt”?</div>
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<b><i>Inulin</i></b> is a known allergen reported in <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i> in connection to <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/342/18/1372" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">anaphylaxis</a>, a deadly shock. Also, inulin is a fructan—fructose polymer. Fructose and other fructans cause malabsorption of nutrients in 30% to 40% of individuals, and they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of <a href="http://sacfs.asn.au/download/SueShepherd_sarticle.pdf" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">irritable bowel syndrome</a> (IBS). That's not surprising—after all inulin is a potent laxative, known to cause diarrhea. And what usually follows diarrhea? Constipation, of course. In addition to bloating, flatulence and abdominal cramps caused by fermentation of inulin, alternating patterns of diarrhea and constipation is a dead-on accurate description of IBS's primary symptoms.</div>
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<b><i>Carmine</i> (E 120)</b> is a bright red artificial color harvested from scale insects. Just like inulin, it's known to cause anaphylaxis in some individuals — particularly long-term vegans, and Jews and Muslims who observe kashrut and halal (respective religious dietary rules).</div>
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<b><i>Sucralose</i> (E 955), a.k.a. Splenda</b>®—an artificial sweetener. It has been reported to cause migraines, DNA damage, and thymus degeneration. The thymus produces T-cells, which play a central role in adaptive immunity.</div>
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<b><i>Malic acid</i> (E 296)</b> is a known mouth irritant and cavities-causing agent. It gives Activia its tartness and makes teeth sensitive to hot and cold just like any other strong acid would do. That's the same effect as from eating sour green apples, which contain minute quantities of malic acid.</div>
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The remaining ingredients (corn starch, gelatin, sodium citrate) in Activia are less offensive fillers and preservatives, but they too have about as much business being in “healthy” yogurt as rat's excrement does in your dinner. I hope you don't vomit.</div>
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Finally, if you are experiencing bloating, flatulence, or abdominal discomfort after eating processed yogurt or ice cream, you are likely being affected by soluble fiber fillers, such as inulin, guar gum, agar, or pectin. To exclude junk food like Activia from your diet, just read the labels. By law, it's all printed there.</div>
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To summarize: beware when dealing with lawful cheats. They ruthlessly mint money at the expense of your — and your children‘s — health and longevity. The problem here isn't that Activia is junk — that, unfortunately, is still legal to sell. The problem is that Dannon ruthlessly markets it as a 'health' food to unsuspecting consumers. Even more disgraceful — it preys on and exploits adults and children with digestive disorders, who are the first to use this devil's brew.</div>
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It's in you power to stop this travesty and tragedy. Bring a copy of this page to your supermarket, grocery store, or cafeteria, particularly so-called organic stores such as Whole Foods. Ask them to remove Dannon products from their shelves. Do not patronize stores that sell this Euro-trash. Contact your stockbroker or mutual fund and ask them to divest Dannon's stock. Send a link to this page to your representatives in Congress, and demand action. The change will come. They all have kids and grandkids too.</div>
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(Guess what — I am no longer screaming “bloody murder” alone. Here is more about this courtesy of the <a href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-yogurt24jan24,0,6976728.story" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Los Angeles Times</a>.)</div>
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Q. How do you know so much about this subject?</div>
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I am well informed about this condition because it has been extensively covered in European medical schools for at least a century, including at my alma mater — <i>Lviv National Medical University</i>, one of the oldest and largest medical universities in Eastern Europe.</div>
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The role of disbacteriosis in disease was first described by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Ilya Mechnikov</a>, a famous Russian-born, French-based scientist, who (along with Paul Ehrlich) was awarded the <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/mechnikov-bio.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Nobel Prize in medicine</a> in 1908 for their research related to the role of intestinal bacteria in human immunity.</div>
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So it isn‘t really something new, unknown, or original in the world of human physiology and medicine.</div>
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Author's note</div>
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American dentists are well aware of the amalgam fillings controversy. You aren't likely to find any such fillings in their own teeth, or in the teeth of their children and spouses. Many no longer use amalgams to avoid exposure.</div>
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If you have any “black” fillings, get them replaced with composite fillings. Do it for the same reasons you don‘t want mercury in your fish, or lead in your kitchen pipes, or arsenic in your drinking water.</div>
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If your dentist tries to talk you out of it — and he or she may for legal reasons — then ask another dentist to do it for cosmetic reasons. Dentists may lose their licenses for replacing a viable filling “without cause” because it's construed as profiteering and malpractice.</div>
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When you ask dentists to do the same procedure for cosmetic reasons, or to get rid of a metallic taste in your mouth, that's okay. Hence the charade. Health concerns aren't a good enough “cause” because state licensing boards play along with the ADA's position — amalgams represent zero risk.</div>
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If you work in the same office with a person who has amalgam fillings, your exposure to mercury vapors from a breathing person may be similar or higher than from a poorly collected spill from a broken mercury thermometer.</div>
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If you would like to learn more about this subject, <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0967616808?ie=UTF8&tag=agelessnutrit-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0967616808" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Amalgam Illness, Diagnosis and Treatment</a></i> by Dr. Andrew Hall Cutler provides comprehensive information on all issues related to dental amalgams. It's expensive, but worth it.</div>
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Let others know about this page! This <a href="" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer;">link</a> may save a life!</div>
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Konstantin Monastyrsky</div>
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Footnotes</div>
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1. R.F. Schmidt, G. Thews. Colonic Motility. <i>Human Physiology, 2nd edition.</i> 29.7:733.</div>
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2. Search on keywords “disbacteriosis” and “dysbiosis”: <a href="http://www.ama-assn.org/" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.ama-assn.org</a> and<a href="http://www.gastro.org/" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.gastro.org</a> on 6/19/2004.</div>
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3. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908. <i>Nobel e-Museum;</i> [<a href="http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1908/index.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">link</a>]</div>
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4. Antibiotic-Associated Colitis; 3:29; The Merck Manual Of Diagnosis and Therapy.</div>
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5. American Dental Association. “ADA continues to believe that amalgam is a valuable, viable and safe choice for dental patients and concurs with the findings of the U.S. Public Health Service that amalgam has ‘continuing value in maintaining oral health.‘» <i>ADA Statement on Dental Amalgam,</i> Revised January 8, 2002; [<a href="http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/positions/statements/amalgam.asp" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">link</a>]</div>
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6. Mercury Compounds. <i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; </i>[<a href="http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/mercury.html" style="color: #d67c1b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">link</a>]</div>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-71305605083989170452013-11-01T09:33:00.001-07:002013-11-01T09:36:40.848-07:00Ring Around the Opening<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="right" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;" width="543"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b>Ring Around the Opening</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" bgcolor="#3366cc" height="4" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;" width="543"><img alt="" height="4" src="http://www.theforbiddenknowledge.com/hardtruth/spacer5.gif" width="100" /></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;" width="543"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana; font-size: medium;"><b>Polar Evidence</b></span><a href="http://www.theforbiddenknowledge.com/hardtruth/Dial%20Protected" style="color: #1155cc;" webstripperwas="http://skywebsite.com/hollow/arctic/id6.html">http://skywebsite.com/hollow/arctic/id6.html</a></td></tr>
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<i style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Ring Around the Opening<br /><br />Polar Evidencehttp://skywebsite.com/hollow/arctic/id6.html<br /><br /><br />In the essay Seven Days North of Tibet, various types of evidence were presented in favor of the hypothesis that Dr. Fridtjof Nansen and the crew of the ship Fram grazed the edge of the Northern polar opening to the hollow portion of the Earth, during their drift across the frozen Artic ice packs. Our current article will attempt to expand upon that theme and establish a general perimeter around the polar opening. The same map from Seven Days North of Tibet is presented.<br /><br /><br />We can begin our ring around the opening at the North Pole. It suffices to say that the pole has been visited umpteen times and that no polar orifice is apparent right at that point. It is close, though. Photographs of the Pole show foreshortening of the horizon such that the horizon drops off sharply, and the landscape doesn't extend as far off as it does in lower latitudes. Also, polar anomalies, such as warming, the presence of warm-blooded animals, and Northward migrating birds, have been documented.<br /><br /><br />What interests us about Seven Days North of Tibet and the expedition carried out by Doctor Fridtjof Nansen, between 1893 and 1896, is the fact that Nansen's course across the polar ice was erratic and, at a certain point, the course itself hinted of close proximity to the opening. In fact, if one looks at the charts provided in Nansens book Farthest North, one will see some very exagerated zig zagging in March and April of 1894, right around 80* North latitude and 135* East longitude. Earlier in November of 1893 Dr. Nansen and the crew had to adjust their latitude calculations by almost one whole degree within a ten-day period. It is improbable that they moved so much in so little time; the current moving the ice upon which they were perched was only moving a couple miles per day, maybe three.<br /><br />They chalked up the aberrations to navigational errors, which shows that they were trying to be honest. But could it be so? They were not amateurs. Their navigator was Sigurd Scott-Hansen, an academy graduate and career officer in the Norwegian Navy. But they were all master seamen- that's why they were chosen for the trip. They all knew the science of navigation.<br /><br /><br />What about curvature? What if the curvature of the Earth was flattening out and this is why the Norwegians couldnt pinpoint their location. Everyone knows that the Earth is not an exact sphere; it bulges slightly at the equator and flattens at the poles ( it actually angles inwards ). But hollow Earth proponents would say that there was sure a lot of flattening going on, and that a mere tendency for the curvature to plane would not account for the type of exagerrated movement, in terms of latitude, that the Norwegians experienced. What could actually account for what seemed to be so much sliding around, however, would be if the curvature had not only flattened out, but had begun a downward decline into the doughnut-shaped opening of the inner Earth. Such angles could easily account for the impression of back-sliding as they crossed and re-crossed, even staggered along, the rim of the opening.<br /><br />If we imagine the face of a clock superimposed upon the opening, this grazing would have ocurred at around five oçlock, with six oclock being at Zemlya on the Russian side, the pole at about nine o'clock, and the Bering Straits at two oclock.<br /><br /><br />Later, Nansen and the crew traced a course towards the pole, from March of 1894 until about the end of September of that year, between about 120* East and 140* East. He came across no opening along the way, and his navigational anomalies subsided a bit, which suggested that he was angling away laterally from the steeper grade of the opening as he left behind the Siberia/Alaska side and inched across the Artic basin towards the Greenland side. This suggests that the opening is offset from the pole with the beginning of the rim near the point where Nansen experienced the greatest movement in terms of zig zag- sliding from 135* to 139* East longitude, and around 80* North latitude. ( See the green oval on the map )<br /><br />Do the navigational anomalies prove, by themselves, the existence of a polar opening? No, and taken piecemeal, most of the polar anomalies can be explained in other ways. For example, the volcanic ash which is so typical in the polar areas could be due to an uncharted land mass and not an opening- maybe the governments of the region have reason to hide such a land mass from the public, maybe for security reasons. But taken all together, polar anomalies, including curvature anomalies, constitute strong deductive evidence.<br /><br /><br />On the Alaska/Siberia side of things, a rather unfortunate event defined another boundry to the polar opening. Lieutenant George W. De Long passed through the Bering Straits in August of 1879, in command of the steamer Jeanette. On September 6th, at 71* 35 North latitude, 175* 06 East longitude, the ship became stuck in the ice. This was right next to Wrangel Island. Two years later the ship sunk just North of the New Siberian Islands, at 77* 15 North. She had hooked around the polar basin, between 70* and 77* latitude, without coming upon any opening. This tells us that the opening does not extend to the mid-seventy degrees of latitude, at least not on the Alaska-Siberian side ( nor any other side ). According to our analysis so far, it would have to fall higher in latitude, closer to the Pole. ( Again, notice the green oval on the map )<br /><br /><br />We can close our ring around the polar opening by considering the dirgible flight of Roald Amudsen in May of 1926. Amudsen passed over the pole and then steered a course along 170* longitude West towards the Bering Straits between Alaska and Siberia. He experienced a couple of the usual polar anomalies the farther North he went: Warming of the air and sea temperatures was one of them, and the presence of land birds too far away from any land, but what is interesting to our current analysis is the fact that when the Amudsen dirgible reached the Bering Straits it ended up over 100 miles off course on the Russian side. This suggests that the dirgible dipped into and followed along the bowl-like depression, and that the irregular curvature threw it off course and sent it into Siberia on a slight tangent. All of the above evidence suggests a polar opening, on the Siberian side of the Pole, within a ring established by the different polar explorers.<br /><br /><br />The Amudsen dirgible flew over extended stretches of cloud cover, which leaves open the possibility of its having been rather far down the funnel of the opening, maybe even rather close to the neck of it, without the occupants realising it. This means that the opening could stretch from the area where Nansen and the crew of the Fram experienced their polar anomalies, which was on the Siberian side, across the Polar basin to the Canadian side, as far as 170* of longitude. This was actually inadvertently indicated by the Russian description of the magnetic pole as a line stretching 1,000 miles from above Zemlya and across the Arctic towards Elizabeth Island.<br /><br /><br />All of our evidence is circumstantial so far. In order to reinforce our argument, let us now consider actual sightings of land masses within our ring-like framework. We shall draw upon Admiral MacMillans book Four Years in the White North. The following testimony is not the testimony of the admiral himself; rather, it is testimony of others which he compiled in an appendix to his book.<br /><br /><br />Captain Richardson, in his work The Polar Regions; says: The Eskimos of Point Barrow have a tradition, reported by Dr. Simpson, surgeon of the Plover ( in the year 1832 ), of some of their tribe having been carried to the North on ice broken up in a southery gale, and arriving, after many nights at a hilly coun-try inhabited by people like themselves, speaking the Eskimo language, and by whom they were well received. After a long stay, one spring in which the ice remained without movement they returned without mishap to their own country and reported their adventures. An obscure indication of land to the north was actually perceived from the masthead of the Plover when off Point Barrow.[ This could easily have been a mirage of land which really existed further to the North. Such superior mirages are common in the Artic and can be perceived over long distances, as we shall see ]<br /><br /><br />In 1850, Captain Mc Lure, when off the Northern coast of Alaska, wrote in his journal that judging from the character of the ice and a light, shady tint in the sky, there must be land to the north of him.<br /><br /><br />' Marcus Taker, writing in the National Geographic Magazine, 1894, under a title of An Undiscovered Land off the Coast of Alaska, says: It is often told that natives wintering between Harrison and Camden Bays have seen land to the North in the bright clear days of spring. In the winter of 1886 1887 Uxharen, an enterprising Eskimo of Ootkearie was very anxious for me to get some captain to take him the following summer, with his family canoe and outfit, to the North-east as far as the ship went, and then he would try to find this mysterious land of which he had heard so much; but no one cared to bother with this venturesome Eskimo explorer.<br /><br /><br />' The only report of land having been seen in this vicinity by civilized man was made by Capt. John Keenan, of Troy, New York, in the Seventies ( 1870s ), at that time in command of the whaling-bark Stamboul, of New Bedford. Captain Keenan said that after taking several whales the weather became thick, and he stood to the North under easy sail and was busily engaged in trying out and stowing down the oil taken. When the fog cleared off, land was distinctly seen to the North bv him and all the men of his crew, but as he was not on a voyage of discovery, and there were no whales in sight, he was obliged to give the order to keep away to the South in search of them.<br /><br /><br />In June, 1904,' Dr. R. A Harris, of the United States Coast and Geodetic survey, published in the National Geographic Magazine his reasons for believing that there must he a large body of undiscovered land or shallow water in the polar regions. He based his theory upon the report that Siberian driftwood had been picked up in South Greenland, upon the observations of drifting polar ice, upon the drift of the ship Jeannette, and upon numerous tidal observations made along the Northern coast of Alaska and Eastward.'<br /><br /><br />But this varied collection of testimony is just the tip of the iceberg when compared with the testimony of men such as Doctor Frederick A Cook, the discoverer of the North Pole, Admiral Peary and the actual testimony of Admiral MacMillan himself. The observations of these men have been laid out and explained very well by others, but I will try to communicate the essence for the benefit of the reader's understanding.<br /><br /><br />These three were all active around the Northern tip of Ellesmere Island, which is also the Northernmost tip of Canada, and which lies right next to the tip of Greenland. The area is only about 6* from the pole. From various points of elevation, as well as from across the ice, as much as ten years apart, these three men observed a mountainous land mass which they described as filling up a third of the horizon, about 120* around them. Admiral Peary mentioned white summits ... distinctly on June 28th, 1906. Admiral Macmillan organized an expedition which traveled across the ice 130 miles after seeing this continent from the heights of Ellesmere Island and wrote that his observations resembled in every particular an immense land while observing in clear weather with powerful binoculars. He went on to describe hills, valleys and snow-capped peaks, all this in April of 1914.<br /><br /><br /><br />Note: The approximate location of the sightings of a land mass is depicted on the above map as an island, and it is labelled " Crocker Land." It could, however, be a matter of the tip of a continent of the hollow world fingering its way to the rim of the opening. The image is used with permission by Dave Johnson. ( See link below. )<br /><br /><br />Which brings us to the testimony of Dr. Frederick A Cook. Dr. Cook also observed this land mass while traveling across the ice. He made a round trip to the Pole and choose a much more Western route, bringing him closer to the sighting. Dr. Cook also made entries in his log book just as the other explorers did. Additionally, however, he took some photographs. The significance of this is that, first of all, we have some visual evidence to consider, and that second, we actually have a picture of a land mass which is not exactly on the surface of the Earth, but rather, which fingers its way up to the rim from within. It is amazing that evidence such as this could exist. The photographic plates formed a part of the Cook collection in the U.S. Library of Congress, but by an ironic coincidence, they are missing. Even so, one single picture remains with us because it is in the book by Doctor Cook. It was scanned with good resolution by Jan Lamprecht and included in his book Hollow Planets as Plate 31. The points to be made with reference to the picture are that it cannot be confused with sea ice on the horizon, nor with ice islands that typically have ice mounds atop them, ( such do exist ). It is a picture of a land mass, confirmed by Eskimo testimony, and answers to some specific descriptions in the doctor's log book.<br /><br /><br />The sighting seems to have been a mirage, but this is not to say that it was false. A mirage is actually a reflection which is carried over long distances through thermal layers of air, especially if the mirage were to originate from a curved, funnel-like opening.<br /><br /><br />Therefore, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that the visions seen by Cook, Peary and MacMillan could have had their origin as much as a few hundred miles away, which would put it within the area which we have circled in our ring around the opening. A few hundred miles would put the land mass quite on the " Wrangel Island " side of the Pole, North of the Amudsen dirgible. Mirage behavior would also explain the previously mentioned sightings from the Northern rim of Alaska and Canada, that they were seen over a distance, although the land was not adjacent to the North American continent.<br /><br />Nansen also experienced a mirage, apparently of the inner sun, from the Russian side, just up from the New Siberian Islands. There are a few hints in his description which suggest that Nansen viewed a mirage of the inner sun.<br /><br />The North Pole attainments of both Dr. Cook and Admiral Peary reinforce the idea that the opening is not far from the Pole, i.e., five degrees or so and inside of our " ring." Cook and Peary both claimed to have arrived at the North Pole. There is a controversy surrounding this matter, but for our purposes it is enough to say that both passed at least close to it. Now, what did they experience? On their way, they had to penetrate ( from the Canadian side ) over a ridge of crumpled up ice which runs in a circle around the opening. Once they crossed that ridge of ice, they found relatively smooth ice over which they made quick progress- too quick, in fact.<br /><br />Some of Peary's speed, for example, can be attributed to the smoother ice in the area between the pole and the suspected opening, but not all of his speed- he claims to have covered 153 statute miles in just over two days, as he began his return. Smooth ice might have helped his speed, but not that much. The only way that we can account for his speed is if we take into consideration the flattening of the curvature of the Earth in the region of the opening. The flattening of the curvature increases the lateral distance covered and gives a false impression of the actual distance covered.<br /><br />A lingering doubt in the mind of any thoughtful person has to do with the lack of direct discovery and perception. There are reasons for this. Well leave any conspiracy theories aside for the moment and will consider the possibility of explorers passing close by the opening without perceiving it. How could this be so?<br /><br />Commercial aircraft have typically taken routes around the area in question, but not through it. Very recently, passenger flights began flying across the pole, a bit towards the Greenland side. At times, some flights have been deviated to a more Westerly route.<br /><br />But why don't modern aircraft fly to the edge of the opening? This is because there is all kinds of magnetic distortion near the poles, as the magnetic lines of force pass through the inner rim of the doughnut opening. So as aircraft approach the opening, their instruments of navegation typically go haywire. At this point, it is assumed that the aircraft is basically over the pole. With the navegational instruments haywire, how is anyone going to know exactly where they are? And why would any pilot stick around to find out? The standard maneuver as a pilot passes near the magnetic distortion is to execute a right-angle turn until the navegational instruments re-orient themselves, then head back in his original direction. As many times as the pilot experiences magnetic distortion, he executes right-angle turns until he works his way around the circular opening, which defines the distortion in the first place, then procedes in his original direction. In this way, even given hundreds of opportunities, aircraft only approach the rim without penetrating inwards any further.<br /><br />But what about Artic explorers? The Pole has been approached from various angles, even from converging angles at the same time, the expeditions joining up at the pole. How come no opening has been noticed?<br /><br />This is because the funnel shape of the opening would give the illusion, to a person traveling across along the bowel-like side, of having come straight across the neck of the opening. Such a traveler would have experienced exaggerated sledding speeds as the curvature flattened out, and any movement would have given greater lateral progress across the top of the world. Along the inner rim the angle of the curvature would have tilted inwards. Thus, looking straight above, the person would seem to be looking at that point which is straight over the middle of the doughnut opening, but from an angle, off to the side, and without realising that any inward angle is even involved! Thus, the person would have been crossed, roundabout, to one side of the opening while thinking that he/she had made progress straight across. Arriving at the other side, the person might have remarked " Well, I didn't see any polar opening and I just came straight across the area."<br /><br />True, this traveler would not have seen any opening because the opening does not have a right-angle drop, and the opening is too huge to notice any dimensions. The only thing that the " traveler " would have seen would have been the horizon, because the curvature is gradual. But a change in the horizon would be noticed because the horizon is foreshortened due to the fact that the curvature does become more acute as it angles inwards. This was noted by Lt. ( later General ) Greely as well as Admiral Peary North of Greenland and Canada, what to speak of Dr. Fridtjofnansen on the other side of the basin.<br /><br />One can only stop and wonder if it really isn't possible after all for there to be a hollow portion to the Earth on which we live, with openings at the polar extremes.</i>The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-46624527620753836552013-10-26T08:32:00.001-07:002013-10-26T08:32:26.703-07:00Questions and Answers on the Black Sect <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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36. Questions and Answers on the Black Sect (The Bon Religion)</h1>
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<tr><td class="f16" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">HOUSEHOLD FENG-SHUI<br /><br />Written by Living Buddha Lian-sheng, Sheng-yen Lu<br />Translated by Janny Chow<br /><br />36. Questions and Answers on the Black Sect (The Bon Religion)<br /><br />An expert researching the field of world religions found my book Hei Jiao Hei Fa (The Black Sect and Black Magic) quite interesting and decided to pay me a special visit. During our meeting, he raised many questions on the Black (Bon) Sect. I have sorted out our conversations and present them below in a question and answer format. I believe the publishing of this article will provide a satisfactory and overall understanding to the origin and development of the Tibetan Black Sect.<br /><br />Question: When and where did the Bon Religion originate?<br />Answer: The Bon Religion was originally an animist-shamanist religion that developed in the Tibetan highlands. According to the Yung-drung Bon Chiao Shih (A History of the Yung-drung Bon Religion), the Bon Religion had been in existence as early as 400 B.C.. Originating in Zhang-zhung, it was later introduced into the Yar-klung Valley. The fact that the original Bon Religion was an animist-shamanist religion is undisputed.<br /><br />Question: What is an animist-shamanist religion?<br />Answer: An animist-shamanist religion arises when people harbor fears, suspiciousness, and hope towards objects found in nature and start to worship them. The most important tenet in the Bon Religion was that everything had a spirit; they therefore worshipped the heaven, the earth, the sun, the moon, mountains, rivers, thunder, lightning, hail, fog, and even birds and animals.<br /><br />Question: Are there other religions similar to the Bon Religion?<br />Answer: From my understanding, in northeastern China, Mongolia, and even the highland areas in Taiwan, other tribes practiced similar shamanism and sorcery. In fact, animist-shamanist religious practices have been found all over the earth, preceding the development of theology-based religions. Animist-shamanist religions form the earliest known religious practices.<br /><br />Question: What did the Bon believers worship?<br />Answer: According to chronicles of Tibet, Bon believers revered ghosts and sorcery and regarded the ibex, a high mountain goat, as god. They deified and worshipped yaks, goats, and sheep because these animals played intimate roles in their daily lives. The horns of yaks and goats were used in sacrificial rituals and especially treasured as precious vessels.<br /><br />Question: How was the world divided according to the Bon Religion?<br />Answer: Followers of the Bon Religion believed the world was divided into three spheres: the upper Heaven sphere, the middle Earth sphere, and the lower Underworld sphere, the latter of which was inhabited by demons. In heaven there lived six gods who were brothers. The greatest god `Samba`* was regarded as the creator of the universe. Bon followers also worshipped Dragon gods (kLu) who ruled over the human world. There were also mountain, water, and earth spirits collectively known by the name gNyan. The god of the powerful Thang-lha mountain chain was also known as `the Great gNyan.`<br /><br />Question: Why was the Black Sect called the Bon Sect?<br />Answer: Most religions have spokespersons. Otherwise known as priests, they serve as go-betweens among gods, humans, and demons. The priests of the Black Sect were therefore also called the Bon-po Religion, or Bon for short. The priests of the Black Sect were divided into three ranks: heavenly Bon-pos, earthly Bon-pos, and high Bon-pos.<br /><br />Question: In your book, Hei Jiao Hei Fa, you pointed out that the Black Sect worshipped yaks. Do you have proof of this?<br />Answer: Around the fourth century B.C., the Black Sect had already formed its own religious system. At the time, a tribal chief gNya-khri bTsan-po from the Yar-klung district became the first king of central Tibet. He had come from a tribe known as the Six Yak-bulls who worshipped yaks as gods. It was with the support of the Bon Religion that gNya-khri bTsan-po became king. This was why I mentioned the Black Sect worshipped the yak gods.<br /><br />Question: How did the Bon priests make a living?<br />Answer: The Black or Bon Religion in Tibet has had twenty-seven generations. In the past, the Bon priests were very powerful. They engaged in prayers and rituals to invoke blessings from heaven, to effect healing, to conduct divinations, to aid in business deals, and also to settle disputes. They also engaged in practices aimed to bring misfortune or punishment in the form of illnesses and deadly hail storms, and they called upon wicked ghosts to commit assaults and evil deeds on others. At that time, the Bon-pos had a great influence in many aspects of life, including fertility, marriage, healing, funerals, relocation, travel, agriculture, hunting, grazing, and the government. The Bon Religion was actually in control of the whole of Tibet, as everything had to be approved by the Bon-pos.<br /><br />Question: Were there different factions in the Black or Bon Religion?<br />Answer: Yes, there were more or less three factions. The first, Du-Bon*, was founded by Ni-sin*. This faction was popular in Eastern Tibet and reached its height during the reign of king Da-hri Tsan-po*. The second faction, Cha-Bon*, was founded by the three Bon priests from Kashmir. This group flourished during the reign of sPu-lde Gung-rgyal up until the establishment of the Tibetan Dynasty. The third faction, Chueh-Bon*, was founded by Ching-chun Pan-chih-ta* and flourished around the time Buddhist Tantrayana was introduced into Tibet.<br /><br />Question: What were the responses of the Bon Religion when Buddhist Tantrayana was first brought into Tibet?<br />Answer: When Tantrayana Buddhism was introduced into Tibet, it entered a long period of fighting with the Bon Religion ?this is the famous struggle between Buddhism and Bon. According to the annals of the Tibetan history of religions, as soon as Buddhism entered Tibet, it immediately met with resentment and resistance from the traditional Bon Religion. This is understandable. The intense and protracted rivalry between Tantrayana Buddhism and the Bon Religion lasted over two hundred years.<br /><br />Questions: Did Tantrayana Buddhism finally win?<br />Answer: Yes. That is the main reason why I advocate that we should not blur the distinction between Tantrayana Buddhism and the Tibetan Bon Religion.<br /><br />Question: Does the Bon Religion have its own scriptures?<br />Answer: The Bon Religion originally had no scriptures of its own. When Buddhism was introduced into Tibet, it brought many sutras and much literature. This caused great shock among the Bon Religion adherents. They attempted to defeat Buddhism with comparable weapons and took section II (chapters 51 to 80) of the Yogacara-bhumi and changed it to the Bon Sutra. They also appropriated the Great Dharani Sutra and changed it into their own White Dragon Sutra and Black Dragon Sutra. The Prajna Hundred Thousand Praises was changed into the Bon-po Kanjur. It is pitiful and laughable that, after stealing these Buddhist texts, the Bon-pos then claimed their texts had been copied by Buddhists authors.<br /><br />Question: When was Buddhism introduced into the Tibetan area?<br />Answer: Buddhism was first introduced around the seventh century, during the reign of the Tibetan King Srong-btsan sgam-po. Some records also claimed that, during the reign of Lha-tho-tho-ri, the fifth predecessor of the above-mentioned king, Buddhism had been introduced into Tibet. Buddhism was of course brought into Tibet from India, but there was also a myth alleging that a treasure trunk containing Buddhist writings, a stupa, and Buddhist statues had fallen from Heaven.<br /><br />Question: Can you briefly describe the Bon Religion attempts to suppress Buddhism?<br />Answer: According to Chronicles of the Tibetan Kings, there were the following events:<br /><br />1) During the building of the Jo-khang Cathedral, construction accomplished during the day was sabotaged by Bon followers at night.<br />2) In order to alleviate the struggles between the Buddhist and Bon groups, the royal court compromised by adding Bon symbols around outside of the cathedral.<br />3) During the ministry of the powerful mGar family, Buddhist monks were expelled and Buddhist sutras were suppressed. Both large and small cathedrals were shut down, and an image of Shakyamuni Buddha brought by Princess Wen-chng was buried underground.<br />4) Tibetan ministers who were Bon followers interpreted an epidemic of smallpox as a sign of the wrath of ancient gods and attributed the outbreak to the Buddhist monks. They laid the blame on Princess Chin-cheng and instigated riots against the Tang Dynasty and Buddhism.<br />5) During the period when Na-lang-shi* assisted the king, Buddhist statues were buried underground, the Jo-khang became an execution ground, and a decree was issued suppressing Buddhism throughout the country.<br />6) Anti-Buddhist Bon ministers claimed Shantarakshita, the Indian Buddhist teacher, had induced the wrath of the Bon-po gods and brought famine to Tibet. They succeeded in securing a temporary expulsion of Shantarakshita to Nepal.<br />7) Padmasambhava fought and subjugated the Bon priests finally allowing Buddhism to thrive in Tibet.<br /><br />This complicated struggle between Bon and Buddhism lasted for more than two hundred years. During the reign of King gLang-dar-mar, there was another upsurge to revive Bon and eliminate Buddhism and the Dharma. Apart from the destruction of temples and monasteries and the burning of Buddhist books, upper level monks were murdered, middle level monks were expelled, and ordinary monks were forced to return to secular life. During this period of oppression of the Dharma in Tibet, all overt Buddhist activities were suppressed.<br /><br />It is a historical fact that Buddhism and the Bon Religion were two irreconcilable rivals, and this has been recorded throughout the whole of Tibetan history. Tantrayana Buddhism and the Bon Religion are two distinct religions and should not be confused as one.<br /><br />Question: Can you talk about the struggle between Padmasambhava and the Bon priests?<br />Answer: Shantarakshita suggested that the Tibetan King invite Padmasambhava to Tibet to subjugate the Bon sorcerers. Padmasambhava was the great Tantrayana master in Udyana, the modern city of Kashmir. On his journey, Padmasambhava started conquering the Bon shamans. The details are recorded in the biography of Padmasambhava. Of course, Padmasambhava was a true Tantrayana master, far more capable than the Bon-pos. This enabled him to finally gain the upper hand.<br /><br />Padmasambhava also adopted a new strategy. After subduing the great mountain and water spirits of the Bon Religion, he turned them into the Dharma Protectors of Buddhism. Among the Bon spirits, there are `twelve Dan-mas`* who have all become Tantrayana Dharma Protectors. The following is a description of Padmasambhava in the religious history of Tibet. `Using his transcendental and miraculous powers, Padmasambhava subjugated the maras and non-humans who vowed from then on to turn to goodness and protect the righteous Dharma.`<br /><br />Question: It was said that during the struggle between Buddhism and Bon, there was a great debate. What do you know about this?<br />Answer: At the height of their antagonism against Buddhism, the Bon followers included in their prayers the following verse, `May the Bon ruler sTonpa gShenrab trample upon the lotus throne of Shakyamuni.` They aimed their insults directly at Shakyamuni Buddha. At the time, twenty-seven noblemen had requested the king abandon the Bon Religion to study Buddhism. King Khri-srong Ide-btsan therefore decided to organize a debate between Bon and Buddhism. The Bon doctrines were very shallow and no match for Buddhism profound philosophy and doctrines. The Bon-pos naturally lost the debate. As a result, the royal court announced that Bon was to become an illegal religion, and neither members of the military nor civilians were to practice it. Finally, the Bon followers had to go underground.<br /><br />Question: Can you describe the development of exoteric and esoteric Buddhism in Tibet?<br />Answer: Many people are aware that Buddhism was first introduced into Tibet primarily in the Sutrayana form. During the later period of introduction, people engaged in both exoteric and esoteric practices. When Tantrayana became popular in India, many famous Tantric teachers came to Tibet through Kashmir. As esoteric Tantrayana methods can greatly accelerate the process of Enlightenment, these methods became very popular in Tibet, a society that had long undergone upheavals and turbulence.<br /><br />Question: Is Bon a sect of the Tantrayana Buddhism?<br />Answer: Bon was originally an animist-shamanist religion in the Tibetan highlands and, from the beginning, was never Tantrayana. Buddhism and Bon have engaged in struggles for hundreds of years. Bon is fundamentally distinct from Buddhism and not a part of Tantrayana. As for Bon followers who became Buddhists, we can only regard them as converts from the Bon Religion to Buddhism. Tantrayana is Tantrayana, Bon is Bon, and the two should not be confused. Passing Bon off as Tantrayana is deceiving and confounding and serves no purpose at all!<br /><br />Note: All names denoted by * are transliterations of Chinese terms.</td></tr>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-78656855577280492762013-05-18T12:42:00.001-07:002013-05-18T12:42:12.588-07:00A Hollow Earth?<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"> A Hollow Earth? </span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Modern Science says no!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Modern Science will tell you that it is impossible for the earth to be "Hollow". This same Modern Science will tell you man came from a monkey and there are no such things as UFO’s. The "official" position of the Church (Holy Roman version) was that the earth was flat. The emerging sciences began to realize that this was wrong. Today in the minds of too many people, the Bible has lost its validity because men were wrong! It is funny that the Bible declared the earth was round long before there was a "Modern Science" or The Church! (Holy Roman type).</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Isa 40:22 "It is He who sits above the circle of the earth, and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers, who stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them out like a tent to dwell in."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The Bible has always remained true, it is man’s own interpretation or rather the lack of proper interpretive procedures that are flawed!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Is there a controversy about a hollow earth?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Most Christians profess belief in a literal "Hell". When pressed to define where it is, most will point to the ground or define this never-never land in another dimension on some spiritual plane. A vague unclear concept of hell has been taught for over the last 100 years. The result is another great miss-conception within much of traditional Christianity concerning the separation of spirit and flesh.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The actual evidence Scientifically is no more conclusive about a Hollow Earth than it is about Evolution or UFO’s. There is valid scientific proof that hollow planets and moons may be the norm and not even an exception. The actual fact is that we (at least the public) know very little about the inner condition of the earth. The point is that in spite of any claims by science, it has not been proven that the earth is solid.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">I believe because science has been able to produce many conveniences of technology, Scientists have moved into the place of being what I call Scientist- Priests. They tell us what to believe both spiritually and in the physical natural realm and we are to unquestionably accept it. This was what people once did with the Priests of the Holy Roman Empire. All we have done is focused the same behavior from Organized Religion to Organized Science which for many has become their unquestionable religion. I believe the Church is embarrassed by the staunch position of Scientists Priests who proclaim with ridicule the very thought of a hollow earth.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Legends Abound:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Legends abound throughout many cultures about the origin of the first people who inhabited the earth. Some describe a race appearing from inside the earth. For example Indian folklore tells of "white tribes that live in the earth" appearing occasionally from caves. A series of Cave drawings from India shows a group of people emerging from a hollow void beneath the earth. According to local legends these were the first human beings that left a subterranean world to begin populating the surface world.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Native American legends from the Mandan, Sioux and Tuscaroras include their tribal origins as coming from inside the earth. Eskimos have the same tribal teachings. The Shawnees claim a civilization of "whites" lived in Florida before they arrived and left their buildings going back into caves in the earth. Incas have a similar folklore of a subterranean white race that travels via caves. From China, Iceland and the South American Aztec’s their writings tell of an inner domain created by the "gods" for the first humans. An Eastern legend describes the origin of Adam came from inside the earth. A Hindu legend adds that Adam was a king of a group who fled a great cataclysm into the hollow earth and then returned to repopulate afterward. Tibetan monks refer to two underground areas Shambala and Agatha as underground dwelling places for ascended masters and others. Orpheus went into the earth to seek out Euridice of Greek mythology, Apollo’s real home was among the Hyperboreans inside the earth of Roman Mythology. The Valkries descended and ascended into an inner domain in Nordic mythology. Even today, the Bon Po sect of Tibet claim to be in contact with underground masters and the "King of the World"; Lord Maitreya, in tunnels and caverns in the Himalayan mountains.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Names like Agharti, Shamballa, Shangri-La, Thule, Arktos, Valhalla, and Hades all speak of different cultural beliefs in an inner earth. The concept in myth and legend is truly as universal as the Flood.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Historical Evidence? Sir Edmond Halley</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The first person to write an entire work on a hollow earth was the famous English Astronomer and Mathematician; Sir Edmund Halley (yes, the comet guy) In 1692 he published his theory about a hollow earth. His theory was developed from working with Sir Isaac Newton on earth magnetism fluctuations and the possible causes. His solution, the earth was hollow. He believed there were three concentric cones with a molten lava core, which served as an "inner sun".</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Many in the beginning of the 19th century had popularized a hollow earth. This idea was taken seriously in our own history in America. John Simms a former Captain and decorated hero in the U.S. Army dedicated his life to undertaking the theory of a hollow earth. He believed there was a civilization that existed there as well, with openings at both poles. He died in 1829 with his dream unrealized but his ideas were responsible for the ill-fated government- backed Expedition of 1838-1840 to the Antarctic led by Charles Wilkes. The Smithsonian Institute was built for the express purpose of holding the findings of this effort, supported by President John Quincy Adams and approved by Congress.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Admiral Byrd</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">There were many other explorers in the late 19 and early 20th century that set out to attempt the exploration of the Polar Regions. The most recent and successful was that of Admiral Richard Byrd. Making many flights over both poles and mapping the Antarctic, Byrd became Americas "expert". In his early years (1929) he made a flight with his navigator Lloyd K. Grenlie over the Antarctic discovering a range of high mountain peaks called the Rockefeller Mountains, named after the sponsor of the expedition. It is alleged that they made a filming of a second trip that year. The newsreel film was played all over theaters in America describing both trips. In this film it showed photographs of "the land beyond the pole" including Mountains, trees, rivers and a large animal identified as a Woolly Mammoth! But of course today this film no longer exists. Grenlie before his death had confirmed the existence of the movie. In his book, " World beyond the poles." (1959) Author F.A. Giannini presents signed testimonies of witnesses who remember viewing the movie. (I personally remember my Grandparents telling me as a child something about this movie.)</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Many of the last trips made by Byrd started out with enthusiastic claims of being the most important discoveries to be made. Upon returning the Press gave little fanfare and Byrd said nothing. In a Diary claimed to be the "lost Diary" of his Antarctic trip in 1947 there is an entry,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Flight Log, Camp Arctic, Feb 19, 1947</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">" We are crossing over the small mountain range still proceeding northward...Beyond the mountain range is what appears to be a small river… There should be no green valley here. Something is definitely wrong and abnormal here...We should be over ice and snow. From the port side there are great forests growing on the mountain side…The instruments are still spinning. The gyroscope is oscillating back and forth...I alter the altitude to 1400 feet and execute a sharp left turn...The light here seems different. I cannot see the sun anymore...We make another left turn and spot what seems to be a large animal of some kind below...it looks like a mammoth-like animal. This is incredible, but there it is...temperature indicator reads 74 degrees...Continue our heading. Navigation instruments seem normal now...Radio is not functioning. The countryside is more level than normal...Ahead we spot what seem like habitations. This is impossible! Aircraft seems light and oddly buoyant. The controls refuse to respond. The engines of our craft have stopped running. The landing process is beginning...I am making a hasty last entry in the flight log. I do not know what is going to happen now..."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Hollow earth researchers are divided about the diary. The skepticism is mostly based on the next entry where Byrd describes that his plane was forced landed by a flying disk. There was a swastika like marking on it. He then encountered tall blond hair, blue eyed men who spoke English in a broken German-Nordic accent. He was given a tour and a message to the surface warning them about the use of testing nuclear weapons.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Red flag Warning!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">As much as I would like to believe in this lost diary there are some real problems. I have no problem with the content. Even though it all might sound wacky to most. My problem is the manner in which he responded to what he was experiencing. Wasn’t it already recorded that he made this trip and filmed it in 1929? Then why is he so taken back and surprised in 1947???</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Would he not make comments that this was just like or similar to the last trip he had already made? He would have a been there, done that slant to his writing. This is too convenient in timing and inconsistent to his past experiences.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">I have no doubt that these events occurred; I just doubt that this diary is genuine. When investigating anything that is being covered up or silenced, you have to expect a lot of spurious information added for a variety of reasons. I believe someone well aware of the truth tried to create documentation to prove their case. But proof may be in the suspicious reactions of our own government (U.S.) to the Nazi colony and Byrd’s trip to the Antarctic in 1947 named Operation High-Jump. Admiral Byrd, our only expert on the Antarctic, commands the expedition. Equipped with 13 ships including an aircraft carrier, two planes and 4,000 ground troops, the convoy steams to the Antarctic. The public is told that this was a scientific expedition to "test" military equipment in extreme cold conditions; the expedition is outfitted for 8 months. This would not seem unusual except the expedition maneuvered like a military assault. They made a two-point landing converging on an area named "Neu-Schwabenland" which the Nazi’s explored and sectioned off, claiming it as theirs. The expedition returns to America a few weeks later after suffering heavy losses of equipment. Washington censures Admiral Byrd to be silent about the failed operation. What actually happened in the Antarctic we may never know. What we find are trace evidence of some kind of cover-up. Another piece of evidence we find is the authentic Diary of Byrd’s</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">In the authentic Diary of Byrd’s, his last entry before his death in 1957 tells us something of a truth.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"December 25, 1956 these last few years since 1947 have not been so kind. I now make my final entry in this singular diary. In closing I must state that I have faithfully kept this matter secret as directed all these years. It has been completely against my values and moral rights. Now I seem to sense a long night coming on and this secret will not die with me, but as truth shall, it shall triumph. It is the only hope for all mankind. I have seen and it has quickened my spirit and set me free. I have done my duty towards the monstrous military industrial complex. Now the long night of the Arctic ends, the brilliant sunshine of truth shall come again, and those who are of darkness shall fail in flight. For I have seen that land beyond the poles, the center of the great unknown."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">It was then signed with his signature Richard E. Byrd, United States Navy. This entry indicates that he was silenced from what he experienced and knew. In any conspiracies and cover-ups you will not find hard evidence, only the results of suspicious actions and reactions, along with traces and bits of evidence that create more questions than answers.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">An Occult perspective of the earth:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Even occultist’s had a variety of beliefs, some "supernaturally" given to them. Cyrus "Koresh" Teed, founder of Koreshanity, taught that the earth was a laminated shell, formed from the noble metals with gold as the outermost one. The sun and the stars and their reflections, (called planets as well as the moon) moved within that sphere. There is a black counter sun, which provided obstructions of night. He received this understanding from an angelic figure that appeared to him in his alchemical laboratory. His following was cultist and he mixed his own brand of pseudo-Christianity. The following prophecy is almost a self-proclaiming inference as a messianic figure.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"We are now approaching a great biological conflagration. Thousands of people will dematerialize, through a biological electro-magnetic vibration. This will be brought about through the direction of one mind, the only one that has knowledge of the law of this bio-alchemical transmutation. The change will be accomplished through the formation of a biological battery, the laws of which are known only to one man. This man is Elijah the prophet, ordained of God, the Shepard of the Gentiles and the central reincarnation of the ages. From this conflagration will spring the sons of God, the biune offspring of the Lord Jesus, the Christ and Son of God."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">This bizarre cosmology influenced Adolf Hitler to the point where he acted upon them. Sending an expedition to Iceland, He attempted to bounce radar waves off the "shell" to detect British Navel activity. Obviously this became a failed mission but other occult revelators may have opened up the reality of a Hollow Earth to him.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Science Fiction or Fact? Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton was known worldwide for his book, "The last days of Pompeii". He was a high ranking Freemason, a Rosicrucian and a member of the neo-pagan English social order known as the "Golden Dawn". He wrote a book (supposedly fiction) called, "The Coming Race"(1871). This story tells of highly developed subterranean beings that possess a mysterious power of the Vril Force. The beings are described as extremely tall Caucasians with superhuman strength. This strength enables them to utilize a strap on device of wings, which enables them to fly. Their life span ranges into centuries. The Vril power is a mental one that is focused into a crystal staff that each person possesses. They view human surface dwellers as one would view cattle or pets. The story claims that they will one day emerge from their underground caverns to reclaim the surface and dominate us. Although presented to the public as fiction, occult initiates believed this to be truth veiled in a fictional story.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">One of the secret societies that merged with the Thule society to form the Nazi party was the Vril society. They based their entire society upon this occult "fiction" book. Their desire was to discover and develop this power of the Vril and contact the inner beings to form an alliance. As way out as this might sound, actions were taken seriously to achieve this goal. In modern times it would be the same as the Masons merging with the official Stark Trek fan club to form a powerful political movement.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Not so New Age concept:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">H.P. Blavatsky, spiritualist medium and founder of Theosophy stated that the North Pole is the region of Atma, a pure electro-magnetic soul of the earth and spirituality called the Gate, whereas the South Pole is called "The Pit." cosmically and terrestrially. North being positive and the South Pole being negative. She wrote about the Aryan "master race" and their subterranean origin from within the earth. The earth then was like a living force with energy and light flowing inward into the North Pole and excreting out of the South Pole. Mankind emerging from the "womb" to live on the surface is compared to a "birthing".</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">At the turn of the 19th century many intellectuals and European Aristocrats took Blavatsky’s Theosophy based upon her main work "Secret Doctrines" to heart. The Thule society was formed based upon Theosophy and the Secret Doctrine. As mentioned this was the intellectual occult secret societies and financial groups that later became a part of the Nazi party!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A 19th Century Christian Perspective:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">H.M. Howell, a Christian Educator, wrote in his book, "The Kosmic Problem Solved," (1895) that a parallel existed between the ocean currents and the four rivers mentioned in Genesis 2:10-14 as flowing out of Eden. Eden then would be on the concave side of the globe, with the waters welling out through the hole at the South Pole, completing it’s course back into the earth at the opening in the North Pole. I mention this visionary and inspired man of God because he got it right! We shall now look at what the word of God tells us about our own world. It is truly Beyond Science Fiction!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">What Jesus had to say about a Hollow Earth:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">While speaking to his disciples about stewardship, faith and forgiveness Jesus told an actual, literal story of Lazarus and the rich man. He does not name the rich man but he names the beggar, Lazarus. Whenever Jesus spoke a parable, he never used personal names therefore this was an actual event being described by Jesus.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Luke 16"19-26 There was a certain rich man, which was clothed in fine linen, and fared sumptuously every day: And there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, which was laid at his gate, full of sores, And desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man’s table: moreover the dogs came and licked his sores. And it came to pass that he died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham’s bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried; And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame. But Abraham said, Son, remember that you in your lifetime received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he is comforted, and you are tormented... And beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed: so that they which would pass from here to you cannot; neither can they pass to us, that would come from there..."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">For now, let’s look at the geographical details disregarding the spiritual implications. We have two areas separated by a gulf or chasm, which is fixed. When we hear of "Abraham's bosom" we usually think of the upper front body area between the arms. Another meaning familiar to the ancient culture as described by Thayer’s Concordance is the bosom of a garment, That is the hollow formed by the upper forepart of a Tunic. This is a rather loose garment bound by a girdle or sash used for keeping and carrying things (the fold or pocket). This literal event told by Jesus describes a two-part pocket, one negative and one positive separated between each other by a gulf. This was the Old Testament concept of Hell or Sheol as being a place where all departed souls went to one or the other place.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The Bible contains additional scripture to support this idea of a two chambered hollow earth.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Psalms116:3, "The sorrows of death compass me and the pains of hell got a hold upon me, I found trouble and sorrow."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The word pains, in Hebrew is metsar meaning something tight. It comes from the Hebrew root, qebah meaning the paunch (as a cavity) the first stomach of a cud chewing animal. (They have more than one stomach!) In the etymology of the word for pain we get the understanding of the two-chambered hollow earth. In addition, words such as the sea, abyss, pit and the deep interchangeably mean the same place within the earth. When the flood came the fountains of the "deep" burst forth to the surface. Where did they burst? Subterranean! That would also mean that H.M. Howell was right about the parallel of the ocean currents and the four rivers from Eden.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">After the cross, before the resurrection, Jesus went to both chambers of a hollow earth:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The New Testament understanding is that before the death and resurrection of Jesus, all who died in faith could not leave this fallen dimension until a way back had been accomplished.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">After the death and resurrection of Jesus, he descended to declare a further judgment upon the angels that sinned in Taratus and set the captives free in paradise.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Eph 4:9 "Now this, "He ascended"-- what does it mean but that He also first descended into the lower parts of the earth?"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">This population depletion of paradise is described in Matthew27:52,53,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"...and the graves were opened and many bodies of the saints which slept arose. And came out of the graves after his resurrection and went into the holy city and appeared unto many."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">After this time the upper half of Sheol was left empty. Now, upon death of those born of the Spirit they go directly to be with the Lord in the heavenly dimension.(2Co5:8)</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">In the Lower chamber Jesus declared something to the fallen angels and their offspring:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">1 Pet 3:18-20 (Jesus)... being put to death in the flesh but made alive by the Spirit, by whom also He went and preached to the spirits in prison, who formerly were disobedient, when once the Divine longsuffering waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being prepared,"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"Preached" in contextual use does not mean that Jesus preached the gospel. The word means to simply declare something. "Spirits" refers to disembodied angelic spirits not human ones. A further description of this visitation by Jesus is mentioned by the Prophet Isaiah:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Isa 26:13-14 " LORD our God, other lords beside thee have had dominion over us: but by thee only will we make mention of thy name. They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they shall not rise: therefore hast thou visited and destroyed them, and made all their memory to perish"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">They are dead and deceased and will not live or rise is stating their natural demise and judgment. The word for "deceased" is rapha, which are the "ghosts of the Giants". Their fate is set and they will not be apart of the resurrection. But then they are "visited". This word signifies something of an intervention or alteration of a natural process. This same word is used when Sarah was visited in her old age and conceived Isaac. This visitation is part of Jesus descending into the lower realm.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The second part of the word Paqad for "visited", has a very wide meaning; the most common use is that of drawing or mustering up an army. I believe the meaning here is twofold. It is a divine intervention of a normal process to allow for a resurrection of these giants, the angels that sinned and their offspring for the express purpose to be mustered up as an army to their final destruction. There is also the strong emphasis that this action is under control and part of God’s plan. The Hebrew word amad is used for destroy and perish in Isaiah 26. It is the root word for the name Abandon or in the Greek, Apollyon, who is the destroyer that comes out of the bottomless pit with the army of "locusts" (a figurative term for nations). This is the same army mentioned in Joel 2:1-11 and Rev 9:1-11. In Rev 19 they are destroyed by just one word from the returning Lord Jesus..</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">For our sake her it is important to see that Jesus went to both chambers right after his death before his resurrection. Understanding this by the Bibles own statements draws some rather interesting conclusions!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Abraham’s bosom = Paradise = Eden! all the same?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">If Abraham’s bosom is paradise then just what is paradise? Jesus told the thief next to him on the cross that, "today you shall be with me in Paradise." After the cross he did not ascend to heaven, he went into the bowels of the earth, to Abraham’s bosom where Lazarus went which was paradise. It is very important to understand this connection. Because many further implications are made by this. This is a domain within the earth itself. It was called Abraham’s bosom and Paradise. There is no other Paradise mentioned anywhere else. This is the only Paradise mentioned. Let’s look at why is this important.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Rev2:7 "...to him that overcomes will I give to eat of the TREE OF LIFE which is in the midst of the PARADISE of God."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">We know that the tree of life is in the Garden of Eden! There is only one tree of life. That would mean that Eden and Paradise are one in the same and so is Abraham’s bosom. Where are they? Inside a HOLLOW EARTH!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The Garden of Eden then is not on the surface in some invisible never- never land or forgotten ethereal place, but subterranean. The many cultural myths of man ascending from an inner earth are but a trace memory of what the Bible concurs!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">What about holes at the poles? Satellite Photo of Earth's pole</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Does the Bible mention anything like this?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"The waters are hid as with a stone, and the face of the deep is frozen". Job 38:30.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">This is very interesting in deed. The waters "hid" are the internal waters of the deep or abyss. Like a stone on top the excess floodwaters frozen now covers the face or opening of the abyss. This ice covering is what we call the Arctic and Antarctic circles. Frozen like a rock to cover the openings of the inner earth and the waters "hid" within. This was only a resulted effect after the flood.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Ps33:7, "He gathered the waters of the sea together as an heap: he layeth up the depth in storehouses." Also, Job26:10, "He hath compassed the waters with bounds until the day and night come to an end."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">He hath compassed literally means, He inscribed a circle over the face of the waters. Before the flood there was a complete easy access in and out.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">2Peter 3:5-7, "For this they are willingly ignorant of, that by the Word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water and in the water: Whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water perished: But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The Greek word for earth means in it’s general term, arable land. The Greek word, sunistao, for standing is better rendered, united together. In this sense submerge land or flooded land is not what is mentioned here but rather surface land out of the waters, and surface land in the waters (subterranean). With this understanding we can see that the arable land was united together out of the water and in the water. But the flood changed this. Verse 6 states that the world (ordered arraignment) before was destroyed in the flood. Now the face or openings at the poles are covered over by the frozen floodwaters and the inner and outer realms separated from each other. One chamber, is empty of population it’s opening is sealed off until the end of time. The other chamber thrives with a population. The only inhabitants there are rebels. Be they Fallen angels in Tartarus (a lower level in Hades) or departed souls of the damned (upper level of Hades) or east of Eden in the land of Nod - humans!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">This lower chamber will be breached at sometime in our history. A possible rendering of Job26:8 states,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">" He binds up the waters as a thicket ( a fortress) before broken into a hidden opening underneath."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">We have two poles, one is covered over until the end of time, and the other is "broken into. This could correspond with another scripture of someone who would "dig into hell"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The End Time Search for this Realm:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The Bible suggests there will be a time when an individual and a group of fugitive people will attempt to enter into this subterranean realm. The Prophet Amos in his book proclaims a very interesting prophecy;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Amos 9:2 "Though they dig into hell, Thence shall mine hand take them; Though they climb up into heaven, Thence will I bring them down..."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Red Area: Neu-Schwabenland, Antarctica</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">In context these are a people as fugitives, fleeing God’s judgment. There is every reason to understand this as a literal prophecy and not some allegorical statement. "Why would anyone desire to dig into hell?", you might ask. If you believed some of the ideas of Koresh, Bulwer-Lytton and Blavatsky you would desire to dig into this area in search of allies. In the mindset of the Nazi’s Theosophical ideas, they believed themselves to be the diluted genetic strain of a subterranean super race, which held the power of Vril. Their goal was to form an alliance with their underground "brothers" obtain the knowledge of the Vril to form new super weapons and lead the World into a New Age for the Aryan. At the same time by the elimination of the other races they would regain their Psychic powers. They did act seriously upon these crazy sounding beliefs by securing a portion of the Antarctic, and perhaps attempted to "dig" into the earth in search of allies.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Soon after Hitler came into power the expedition and partitioning of an area of the Antarctic was claimed by the Nazi’s and renamed Neu-Schwabenland. Their enemies or their fellow countrymen never understood these actions and motivations. Throughout the war submarines continued bringing equipment, supplies and men to this area. Submarines that were captured in southern areas possibly in route to the Antarctic were reported to have as many as 50 people in them compared with what was normally an 8-10 person crew It has been speculated that an underground complex was built. From operation Redoubt, (The tunneling and placement of a huge underground complex in the Swiss Alps.) We do know the technology was there. From gleaning technology from captured Nazi equipment the United States developed our own Iron mountain complex. Hardly an overt desired action, to dig into hell, but by accident the end result may well have accomplished just that.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Part of Nazi ideology of Horbiger’s eternal ice theory claimed that the true Aryan peoples belonged in a much colder climate and would thrive there. Hitler ‘s goal was to section off a portion of land for an Aryan Empire. This empire was to be an example for the rest of the world to follow and desire. In keeping with these ideas, the Antarctic may well of been chosen for this purpose. They believed also that Thule the true Aryan capital was located from an entrance point somewhere in the North Pole. Believing that a reversal of polarity took place in our past, the Antarctic would now be the logical location and entrance to this mythical inner world.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Their leader was also someone who understood "dark sentences" as the Prophet Daniel writes in Dan 8:23 and would live, die and ascend out of the "bottomless pit" being the dead leader of a short lived seventh empire. Rev17:8-12. This pit I believe has already been opened and the results of abductions and "Aliens" are upon us. Rev9:1.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Subterranean Life! Allies? So just who is down there?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Life Underground?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">This story gets just keeps getting stranger as we go along, yet the scriptures confirm such strangeness! Now let’s look at a commandment God told Israel to abide by.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Exodus20:4, "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that IS IN THE WATER UNDER THE EARTH." Also: Rev 12:12..." Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and of the sea!...</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Nazi Relatives? Cain’s Decedents!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">If Nod is east of Eden and Eden is inside the earth...that means Nod is inside the earth too?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">All of these scriptures present a serious implication of who the King’s of the East (mentioned in Rev 9:12) really are and their real identity and location.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Let’s take a look at the dialog between God and Cain right after he killed Able.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Gen4:11-16, "And now art thou cursed FROM the earth, which hath opened up her mouth to receive thy brothers blood from thy hand. When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be IN THE EARTH.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">And Cain said unto the Lord, my punishment is greater than I can bear. Behold, thou hast driven me this day FROM THE FACE (surface) OF THE EARTH; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond IN THE EARTH; and it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me shall slay me. And the Lord said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him seven fold, and the Lord set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him. And Cain went out from the presence of the Lord, and dwelt in the land of Nod, EAST OF EDEN."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">It is interesting to note that in the many translations of the Bible, only the older English versions the King James and the American Standard use the translation "in the earth". All of the more recent translations simply say "on the earth". A big liberty of translation placed upon God’s word because of the assumption that the earth is sold and therefore could not contain life inside. The only other translation I am aware of that agrees with the older versions is the Torah. This is the Old Testament translated into the English by the Jews themselves! Regardless of this compromise of interpretation, from prior scriptures the Bible clearly establishes that Eden or Paradise and Hell are two separate chambers inside the earth. With that firmly established, (at least according to the Bible itself) the only word that could be used in context is "IN" !</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Cain was removed from the surface of the earth into a subterranean realm. He was given a " mark" that he would not be killed by others. This Hebrew word owth means an identifying mark in the sense of an agreement. When translated into the Greek, the word used is semion,in the sense of a supernatural sign of some type. This mark may be their size, for fear of being killed they might have been given height. The "Giants" of Gen 6 are stated that they were there when this hybridization of the earth took place and also after that. In the sentence structure of this context, the "Giants" may not be the name of the offspring; they are just there with the fallen angels as a part of what is going on before the flood. When Cain killed Abel it was in the "process of time" this actually means in the last days. This would be referring to a time just prior to the great flood. The soil not yielding her strength may not mean an agricultural problem, but rather a genetic defect of some type. Soil, seed land and fruit have always, in the scriptures been used to refer to the literal geographical elements, spiritual conditions or physical bloodline. Cain’s bloodline may be the seed of the serpent mentioned in Gen 3. Cain was a bad guy. The Bible says so.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"> I Jn 3:12 "Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one,"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">In context here this statement about Cain can mean more than the fact he was of the wicked one because he committed murder. It might also imply he was actually from the wicked one. It was in his blood. (In Two seeds I will cover more on that thought.)</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The "Giant" lineage is traceable after the flood by the same Hebrew word used for Giant as the "sons of Anak. Certain tribes had this intermixing. These were the only ones of the Old Testament where God said to destroy completely. Only the Philistine lineage remained to contain this "seed" This was the same lineage Goliath came from, he was a big white guy with a bad attitude! The word Giant has another meaning as a tyrant or bully and can mean much more than physical stature. The Physical stature although is clearly defined in the OT. Num 13:33, Deu2:11, 20, 3:11,13 Jsh 12:4, 13:12,15:8,17:15 and18:16.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">As strange as this all sounds the Bible stands true upon itself. The worldwide legends of "white" tribes and ascended "masters" may not be myth at all but the continual encounters with a race from within. The search by Hitler and the Nazi’s for blood relations from an inner earth may have a thread of truth. If Hitler came to his own to proclaim Satan’s seed, in the same but opposite pattern, it could mean that the modern day Philistines may be the Germanic lineage. Now not to condemn anyone by their race or national bloodline, I must say I am a Caucasian of Germanic descent and I love the Lord! God has made a provision for salvation that is no longer based on anything but faith. In Isaiah 14 there is a end time prophecy that indicates a genetic tampering involving the Philistines and a tribe used to punish them continually, this would be the tribe of Dan. This genetic tampering started with Nazi Germany and is continued in America. In the Two seeds booklet I address this whole issue extensively. In that booklet you will see a truly Amazing Grace.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The implication from Cain’s sentence is that there are human beings living in a subterranean realm! They are still a part of the rebel alliance. Cain’s decedents are mentioned only to six generations. If an inner earth has the same environment that the surface once had before the flood, human life spans would average 900 years. This being the case, we would be heading into the last generation period of Cain’s descendants!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Chuck Missler, in his book, "Alien Encounters" points out a very interesting hidden message encrypted within the scriptures. All names in the Bible have a second meaning. The Names within the linage of Seth from Adam to Noah spells out the entire plan of redemption! From these ten names a message reads out</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">" Man appointed mortal sorrow, The blessed God shall come down teaching. His death shall bring the despairing rest or comfort!" </span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">What are the mathematical chances that this was coincidental? In the same way we can line up the names of the six-generation lineage of Cain. It reads out:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">" Strike out to possess, disciplined fugitive, smitten of God, Who is of God, Powerful."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">This is the description of Cain striking out at his brother to take what he felt was his, He was disciplined by being sentenced to be a fugitive in the earth, also "smitten or stricken with a defect but yet given power. Power ordained from God himself. It is recorded that Cain’s decedents were the first to raise animals for food, create the arts of music, the first to build cities and the first to work in metals making implements of war. Could the mythical power of the Vril be a part of this power? Could there be an element of truth to this weird myth? In the Abduction section we will also discuss this whole satanic resurrected alliance in process. For our purpose here just realize that the Bible does tell us of a Hollow Earth with Rebel Human Inhabitants.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Other inhabitants of an inner earth: Grey’s, (Fallen Angels) Demons and Human spirits of the Damned</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Fallen Angels have been cast down to the earth:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">There are as many worldwide myths of "the wee people", Fairy’s, and Elves all throughout history. Their images are recorded in cave drawings, on ancient pottery, even on a middle age stained glass window. These images show the same bulbous gray head with huge dark slanted eyes and a thin frame. Another booklet is devoted to these guys. For now it is only necessary to realize they have made their home in the inner earth also. Jesus, just before he was ready to go to the cross, told his disciples in John 12:31</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"Now is the judgment of this world: now shall the prince of this world be cast out".</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Before the cross, Satan and his fallen Angels had access to the very throne of God in the eternal realm. (Job 1:6) There was a war going on in heaven at the same time Jesus hung on a cross. Jesus won they lost! A result of this loss is recorded in Revelation 12:7-10</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven. And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">This text is pretty well defined by itself needing little commentary.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">One order of Angelic being is called Seraphim. The root word from this angelic order is Saraph. In the Hindu Sanskrit language Saraph means a reptile. As part of the Angelic host this could be one of their physical forms. Jesus told his disciples after experiencing the victory of exorcising demons out of people,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you." Luke 10:19</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">As I have already shown the serpent may mean much more than a snake and has a lot more to do with describing the "Gray’s". The word for Scorpion has an unknown origin and that one is left wide open for discussion. In context we are talking about rebels, figuratively humans acting like these animals or simple terms for angelic creatures.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two of the most common human-like entities reported seen by abductees are the reptilian Gray’s and the larger insect like leaders. More than just a coincidence, there is a literal connection between these two distinct types of "fallen angels" and the mention of serpents and scorpions. It is a matter of perception as this cannot conclusively be proven or disproved to be the case. The main point being is that these "fallen angels" have been cast into the earth. In the Greek it means literally on dry land amongst man.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Disembodied spirits:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">There is another group, the "Angels that sinned" and their offspring, the mighty men of renown being part mortal and part immortal, they were placed into a ghostlike state with the ability to rise out of the pit in a "chain" of going up and then cast back down. (2Pe2:4, Jude1:6) These are the invisible spirits, that pretend to be ghosts, that speak to psychics and move an Ouija board to spell out messages.(1Th 4:1, 2Th 2:9, 2Co 11:14) They are all lying spirits of the New Age who create their own brand of salvation telling man he is his own god. In the Abduction booklet I explain this crossing over into the physical plane. God is allowing this resurrection to their destruction. There will be an invasion of these entities upon the surface. Right now they are getting ready. Part of this preparation is in the abduction of our own people for some more genetic tampering. In Revelation9:1 The pit is opened. If this "pit" has been opened, some people are being taken there without realizing it!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Departed Human spirits:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">From the description given in the text in Luke 16, Jesus spoke of the two-chambered earth; the rich man died in unbelief of God and went into the earth in Hades. By this and many other scriptures mentioning the same thing we know the departed human souls who died in unbelief of the gospel went into an area of Hell, literally in the earth as well.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Modern Abductions are Subterranean not Extraterrestrial!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">I believe most abduction cases are true. The problem is hypnotic regression. In the process it is hard to distinguish fact from imagination, or possible demonic input. As the subconscious is brought out to the forefront, the imagination is a part of this. But how can you tell one from the other? You can’t. From a Christian point of view, it is important to be in control of your own mind under hypnotic regression. Passive forms of "letting go" gives possible control of your mind to other entities...this process is forbidden in the Bible for our own safety. Hypnosis places you in a mental place of no control!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">In the Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference held at MIT in 1992, the top Scientists, Doctors and Researchers in the field, scrutinized 300 abduction cases. Included was Nobel Peace prizewinner Dr. John E. Mack. These cases were selected because they had the most cognitive memories, witnesses and documentation. Out of the 300 cases 31 included the observation of a destination. The most familiar destination is into a mother ship. The abductees leave the small ship to find themselves in a "hanger" of a larger one. Some see an otherworldly environment. (But not the transition of leaving earth into space, or entering the alien world from space) Ten cases involve the actual transition but all of them go into a subterranean world. In some cases the ship dives under the sea, enters a cavern or a dark tunnel hewn out of rock. In all the cases they eventually see the otherworldly landscape. Two distinct types are seen; one the landscape is sparse with sickly vegetation, usually more like a desert, with signs of devastation. Typically it is dark or dim with a small reddish sun if any at all. A futuristic city may thrive in the midst. The second landscape is one of a bright but uniformly lit or diffused light, no sun, no horizon visible, with a lush, moist, heavily vegetated landscape also holding a futuristic city, but obviously subterranean.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Both scenes are explained by the captors, that their planet suffered some kind of disaster and have a problem with reproduction. This is why they take eggs and sperm from us. These same beings warn us that the same catastrophes are ahead for earth. Some experience a religious or mystical ceremony underscoring the preciousness of life.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Transportation time between earth and the other world is negligible. In spite of this evidence, these researchers insist on believing that these journeys are extraterrestrial. Evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the fact that if true, they are never seen leaving or entering another world from space, they are always in a dark or subterranean other-world, yet the travel time is a matter of a couple of hours. It never crosses the minds of these educated people that maybe the craft aren’t leaving the earth at all but rather going down into the earth. Of course this is not even considered, because science proclaims that the earth isn’t hollow! So they go to another world that is hollow. If these stories hold any truth, as I believe they do, they are going to Hell in Sheol or Nod, not another planet! This then would mean that the pit has been opened and Rev 9 is already upon us. I believe the integrity of this conference was very well done. Their own results support an inner earth destination and origin and not the E.T. agenda most want to believe.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">No other Name!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">In their objectivity they have also included the fact that abductions have been stopped in progress when the person has used the name of JESUS! Also the use of singing Christian hymns or reciting scripture has been effective in stopping an abduction. As real as I believe abductions are this is a clear indication that this is a spiritual problem as well as a physical one.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">This factual experience would also concur with what the Bible says, in Phil 2:9-11</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name: That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father."</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Conclusion of the Matter:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">My dear reader, in the days to come there is an importance to realize this Biblical truth. The Bible is far more than mere myth and childish stories. It is the entire Cosmology and History of mankind from beginning to the end. By re-examining the scriptures from it’s</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">original languages in light of 21st century knowledge, obscure passages come alive and speak in today’s terms.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">I hope I have shown that the Bible teaches that there is a hollow earth. Just what the particular physics are is not mentioned beyond holes at the poles. A circular cave system throughout the earth to "protect" or seal off the inner chamber is alluded to in Job41:15.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">The logic and understanding of subterranean life and spirit beings existing in a hollow earth makes sense as you add up the myths and legends in contrast to what the Bible actually has to say . You cannot discount the many accounts from abductees or the suspicious actions of governments, which hint of conspiracy.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Also, a special warning to the many believers in a Hollow Earth and others who have a wide variety of beliefs that include a hopeful expectation of "friendly" inner beings ready to "enlighten" us surface dwellers. Nowhere in the scriptures will you find any suggestion or hint that anything in the Earth at this present time since the resurrection of Christ is good! There are only rebels of the one true God who live there or escaped there. They have no good intention toward mankind; they have their own agenda. Part of this agenda is a prophesied invasion of the surface. You can understand this more clearly in the booklet on Abductions or Why Roswell. If you will not believe the truths in the Bible as coming from a Loving God, this Rebel Alliance from within the Earth will deceive you! You will be deceived by this Rebel Alliance from within the Earth! Their home is what we know and call Hell! THE EARTH IS HOLLOW! Hell is real!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">1. Alien Encounters by Chuck Missler and Mark Eastman1997Koinonia House Pub</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 212, 274, 332,333 - post flood reappearance of "Giants"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 213, 240,241- difference of disembodied spirits and fallen Angels</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg336 - implications of post flood "Giants"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">2. The Omega Conspiracy by I.D.E. Thomas Hearthstone Pub. U.K. 1986</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 119 - offspring of fallen angels and human sentenced as disembodied spirits in "pit".</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Pg 140-142 - Jesus’s decent into earth and encounter with spirits in the earth.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Pg 152-156 - Giant’s return after flood and linage traces</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">3. Arktos The Myth of the Pole in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival by Joscelyn Godwin Adventure Unlimited Press 1996</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 86 - invasion from inner earth</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 113 - H.M. Howell Eden inside the earth</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 115-117 Koresh’s ideas and angelic visitation</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 135- Blavatsky’s Polar description accepted and understood by Hitler</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 136 - Pole reversal making "pit" place of prominence</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">4. The Occult Roots of Nazism: by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 1985-1992 University Press NY.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Pg 19-22 Blavatsk and Secret Doctrine</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">5. The Mourning of the Magicians: by Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier 1960-1991 Scarborough House Pub.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Pg 147 - Vril Society and "The Coming Race"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 154-157 - Hans Horbiger and doctrine of fire and ice</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 172 - Hitler’s quote on Globalism and the elite people who shall lead it</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 203 - Hitler’s quote about the god-men as an object of worship</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">6. Man Made UFO’s 1944-1999 by Renato Vesco and David Hatcher ChilderessAdventure Press 1994</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 6 of Intro - German Antarctic expedition</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg7 of intro - Admiral Byrd’s Antarctic expedition</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">7. The Occult Connection: UFO’s Secret Societies and Ancient Gods:by Ken Rundall Omega Foundation 1990</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 196,197 - Vril power, Hollow earth Hitler’s desire to make contact</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 201 Appendix - Admiral Byrd’s "lost diary"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 201- Missing Scientist’s Antarctic refuge</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">8. The Occult Conspiracy: by Michael Howard 1989 Destiny Books|</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 107 - background of Bulwer-Lytton</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 109 - " The Coming Race" influence on Hitler</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 129 - Agarthi as underground kingdom wroiting of "Secret Doctrine"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">9. The God’s of Eden by William Bramley Avon Books 1990 N.Y.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Pg 384 - Himmler’s vision of SS Nation envy of the world.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Pg 388 - Nazi belief in Aryan "superman" that existed underground.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">10. The Genesis Record by Henry M. Morris 1976 Baker Books</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pgs 142-145 - The pre-flood world</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">11. Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible Edited by Spiros Zodhiates THD AMG Pub. 1984,1991|reference section Pg 1651 - Comment on word "visited" of Isa 26</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">12. The Book Of Enoch Translated by Richard Laurence LLD 1821 Artisan Sales 1980</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Chapter 18:1-7 quote about gravity</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">13. Alien Discussions (Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference held at M.I.T. Cambridge, Ma 1992) by Andrea and David Pritchard, John E. Mack, Pam Kasey, Claudia Yapp: Editors North Cambridge Press 1994</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 73,74 - transitions and destinations as viewed by captives</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 235,236 - Identification with Jesus stopped abductions</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">14. The Lost World of Agharti The mystery of Vril Power by Alec Maclellan 1982,1996Souvenir Press</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 25 - integral part of Buddhist beliefs are Agharti, the subterranean World of which Buddhism is the philosophy of</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg29-33 - various myths and legends of inner realm</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 102 - Hitler’s influence by " The Coming Race"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 104 - Buddhist inner earth belief and influence on Hitler</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 109 - Nazi’s import Lamas to Germany, declare the knowledge of inner earth opening</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pgs 118-121, 137,139, - various myths of South American "white tribes that live in caves</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 160 - Shawnees belief of prior "white" tribe existing in Florida before they did</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 227,228 Quote and Prophecy from "King of the World" as given to Ossendowski from Tibetan Lama</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">15. The Hollow Earth Enigma by Alec Maclellan 1999 Souvenir Press U.K.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Pg 32,33 - various myths of inner origins of man</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 35 - Halley’s work on Hollow Earth</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 90 - Hitler’s attitude about truth in Myths</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 106 - Admiral Byrd’s flights, 1929 movie</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 108-110 - Admiral Byrd’s "lost diary"</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">pg 113 - Last diary entry of Byrd’s before death</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Other sources:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Videos:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">1. Journey to the Hollow Earth by International Society for a Complete Earth 1995 Indy Home Video</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">2. UFO: Deception of the New World Order by Prophecy Club Topeka Kansas.</span>The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-54189071505378645632013-05-16T15:39:00.001-07:002013-05-16T15:39:39.868-07:00<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Was Adam 90 feet (60 cubits) tall?</span><br />
The sections of this article are:<br />
<span style="color: red;">1- Prophet Muhammad's Sayings.</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>2- The Scientific Discoveries.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: green;"> <span style="background-color: #ffff71;"><b>(a)- Life began on earth 3.8 billion years ago!</b></span></span><b> Earth is close to 4.6 billion years old [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale"><span style="color: blue;">1</span></a>] [<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/iron_was_sent_down_from_space_as_quran_said_1.wmv"><span style="color: blue;">2</span></a> </b><span style="color: blue;">(see minute 1:33 in film)</span><b>].</b><br />
<span style="color: green;"> (b)- Dahaha (</span><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="color: green;">دحاها</span></span><span style="color: green;">) means expanded, made spherical, balanced, and caused to move. </span>According to the 10-Book Encyclopedic Lisan Al-Arab Dictionary, and several other ones as well.<br />
<span style="color: green;"> (c)- The smaller the planet, the lesser the gravity, and <u><span style="background-color: #ffff51;"><b>the bigger and taller</b></span></u> the creatures will be. </span><img alt="pulsar.gif (2171 bytes)" height="20" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/pulsar.gif" width="20" /><br />
<span style="color: green;"> (d)- The earth was much smaller (estimated it was only </span><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/iron_was_sent_down_from_space_as_quran_said_1.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">10% its current size</a> (see minute 1:47 in film)</span><span style="color: green;">) and kept expanding.</span><br />
<span style="color: red;">3- Allah Almighty Said that He Expanded the earth.<br />4- Conclusion.</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">1-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> Prophet Muhammad's Sayings:</span><br />
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The Noble Quran and Islam are filled with scientific statements and notions. These are statements of Allah Almighty describing how He created things on earth and in the Universe. What's most amazing is that all of these scientific statements and notions had been proven to be in <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/sci_quran.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">perfect agreement with science</a></span> and our modern-day scientific discoveries. Allah Almighty made the Noble Quran be Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) Everlasting Divine Miracle and proof for Prophethood. The Holy Book certainly stood the test of time 1,500 years ago with Its Claims, Prophecies and Miraculous language eloquence, and it does again and again in our day today with Its overwhelming agreement with science and discoveries that were not known to man 1,500 years ago.</div>
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Allah Almighty Said: <big><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">"We will show them </span><strong><u><span style="font-size: small;">Our signs in the Universe</span></u></strong><span style="font-size: small;"> and <strong><u>inside their selves</u></strong>, until it will become quite clear to them that it is the truth. Is it not sufficient as regards your Lord that He is a witness over all things? </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">(The Noble Quran, 41:53)</span><span style="color: red; font-size: small;">"</span></big></div>
With this said, let us look at what Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, said about Prophet Adam, peace be upon him:<br />
Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: <b> </b><span style="color: green;">"Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, created Adam in His own image with His length of sixty cubits, and as He created him He told him to greet that group, and that was a party of angels sitting there, and listen to the response that they give him, for it would form his greeting and that of his offspring. He then went away and said: Peace be upon you! They (the angels) said: May there be peace upon you and the Mercy of Allah, and they made an addition of" Mercy of Allah". So he who would get into Paradise would get </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #ffff51;"><b><u>in the form of Adam, his length being sixty cubits</u></b></span><u><b><span style="background-color: #ffff51;">, then the people who followed him continued to diminish in size up to this day.</span></b></u></span><span style="color: green;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">(Translation of Sahih Muslim, Book 040, Number 6809)</span><span style="color: green;">"</span><br />
Narrated Abu Huraira: <span style="color: green;">The Prophet said, "</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #ffff80;"><b><u>Allah created Adam, making him 60 cubits tall.</u></b></span></span><span style="color: green;"> When He created him, He said to him, "Go and greet that group of angels, and listen to their reply, for it will be your greeting (salutation) and the greeting (salutations of your offspring." So, Adam said (to the angels), As-Salamu Alaikum (i.e. Peace be upon you). The angels said, "As-salamu Alaika wa Rahmatu-l-lahi" (i.e. Peace and Allah's Mercy be upon you). Thus the angels added to Adam's salutation the expression, 'Wa Rahmatu-l-lahi,' Any person who will enter Paradise will resemble Adam (in appearance and figure). </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #ffff80;"><b><u>People have been decreasing in stature since Adam's creation.</u></b></span></span><span style="color: green;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">(Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 55, Number 543)</span><span style="color: green;">"</span><br />
Narrated Abu Huraira: <span style="color: green;">Allah's Apostle said, "The first group of people who will enter Paradise, will be glittering like the full moon and those who will follow them, will glitter like the most brilliant star in the sky. They will not urinate, relieve nature, spit, or have any nasal secretions. Their combs will be of gold, and their sweat will smell like musk. The aloes-wood will be used in their centers. Their wives will be houris. All of them will look alike <b><u>and will resemble their father Adam (in statute), <span style="background-color: #ffff80;">sixty cubits tall.</span></u></b>" </span><span style="color: blue;">(Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 55, Number 544)</span><span style="color: green;">"</span><br />
Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: <span style="color: green;">"The first group of my Ummah to get into Paradise would be like a full moon in the night. Then those who would be next to them; they would be like the most significantly glittering stars in regard to brightness, then after them (others) in ranks. They would neither void excrement, nor pass water, nor suffer from catarrh, nor would they spit. And their combs would be made of gold, and the fuel of their braziers would be aloes and their sweat would be musk and their form would be the form of one single person <b><u>according to the length of their father <span style="background-color: #ffff80;">sixty cubits tall.</span></u></b>This hadith has been transmitted on the authority of Ibn Abi Shaiba with a slight variation of wording. </span><span style="color: blue;">(Translation of Sahih Muslim, Book 040, Number 6796)</span><span style="color: green;">"</span><br />
Also, Allah Almighty Said in the Noble Quran:<br />
<table border="1" id="table1" style="width: 39%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#d5f1ff" valign="top" width="39%"><span style="color: navy;">Noble Verse(s) 79:30-79:31</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" bgcolor="#eaf4ff" valign="top" width="39%"><b>Yusuf Ali:</b>[079:030] And the earth, moreover, <span style="color: red;">hath He expanded</span>;<br />
[079:031] He draweth out therefrom its moisture and its pasture;<b>Transliteration:</b><br />
[079:030] Waal-arda baAAda thalika <span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #ffff71;">dahaha</span></span>[079:031] Akhraja minha maaha wamarAAaha<br />
<b>Arabic (from right to left):</b><br />
<span style="color: green; font-size: small;">79:30</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> والارض بعد ذلك <span style="background-color: #ffff71;"><span style="color: red;">دحاها</span></span></span><span style="color: green; font-size: small;">79:31</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #ffff71;">اخرج منها ماءها ومرعاها</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
So people were much bigger in size when man was created and kept on decreasing in size. The earth was also much smaller when Allah Almighty created it, and then Allah Almighty expanded it. In the following section, we'll see that the Arabic word Dahaha (<span style="background-color: #ffff71; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">دحاها</span></span>) also means made spherical and is moving.<br />
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<span style="color: red;">2-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> The Scientific Discoveries:</span><br />
The following scientific proofs demonstrate the Glorious Quran's Divine Miracle, and the Truthfulness of Prophet Muhammad's authentic Sayings (Hadiths):<br />
<br />
<u><b><span style="color: green; font-size: x-large;">(a)-</span></b><span style="color: green; font-size: large;"> Life began on earth 3.8 billion years ago! Earth is close to 4.6 billion years old:</span></u><br />
After the earth's crust cooled off, and water began to form, and the moon was created from the ring of rocks that was encircling the earth [<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/iron_was_sent_down_from_space_as_quran_said_1.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">1</a> (see minutes 3:20 - 6:20)</span>], life, similar to the one we're in today, is estimated to have begun on earth around <b><u>3.8 billion years ago</u></b>. Earth's age is estimated to be close to <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">4.6 billion years old</a></span> [<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/iron_was_sent_down_from_space_as_quran_said_1.wmv"><span style="color: blue;">2</span></a> <span style="color: blue;">(see minute 1:33 in film)</span>].<br />
Life began on earth 3.8 billion years ago:<br />
<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/life_began_3_8_billion_years_ago.wmv" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="245" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/life_began_3_8_billion_years_ago.jpg" width="373" /></a><br />(<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/life_began_3_8_billion_years_ago.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">Click to play film-clip</a></span>)<br />
<br />
<b><u><span style="color: green; font-size: x-large;">(b)-</span></u></b><u><span style="color: green; font-size: large;"> Dahaha (</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">دحاها</span><span style="color: green; font-size: large;">) means expanded, made spherical, balanced, and caused to move:</span></u><br />
Dahaha (<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">دحاها</span></span>) means expanded, made spherical, balanced, and caused to move. For ample proofs for this from the 10-Book Encyclopedic Lisan Al-Arab dictionary and many other similar Arabic dictionaries that have meanings and examples of poems, proverbs, Sayings and many other quotations that demonstrate the definitions of a certain word and how it was used by the Arabs of old, <b><u>that even predate Islam</u></b>, please visit:<br />
<menu>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/detailed_meanings_of_scientific_words_in_verses.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">Detailed Analysis from <span style="background-color: #ffff71;">Lisan Al-Arab (this alone is </span></a><span style="background-color: #ffff71;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/detailed_meanings_of_scientific_words_in_verses.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: green;">10 big books</span></a></span></span><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/detailed_meanings_of_scientific_words_in_verses.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #ffff71;">)</span> and 7 other dictionaries proving the Scientific Miracles in the Holy Quran in Great Details.</a></span></li>
</menu> <br /> <br />
<b><u><span style="color: green; font-size: x-large;">(c)-</span></u></b><u><span style="color: green; font-size: large;"> The smaller the planet, the lesser the gravity, and the bigger and taller the creatures will be:</span></u><br />
Scientists have proved that the smaller the planet that has so much mass in it, the lesser its gravity, <b><u>and the taller and bigger its creatures will be</u></b>. Earth is estimated that it was only <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/iron_was_sent_down_from_space_as_quran_said_1.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">10% its current size</a> (see minute 1:47 in film)</span>. This is why earth, for instance, had <span style="color: green;">gigantic dinosaurs</span> on it. It's size was smaller, and hence, its gravity was lesser, and hence, the size of the creatures that were living on it were much larger.<br />
<br />
<u><b><span style="font-size: large;">Article #1:</span></b></u><br />
Here is a video clip from History Channel's "Alian Faces" film:<br />
<span style="color: green;">(Note: The scientists in the film, as shown in the film, are staff from <span style="background-color: #ffff5b;"><b>Harvard University, NASA</b></span> and other well-respected institutions and organizations).</span><br />
The NASA and Harvard University Scientists in this film talked about the Scientific fact about the <b><u>smaller the planet, the lesser its gravity, and the bigger and taller its creatures will be:</u></b><br />
<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/low_gravity_larger_bodies.wmv" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/planet_gpc925.jpg" /></a><br /><span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/low_gravity_larger_bodies.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">Click on image to play film-clip.</a></span><br />
<br />
Notice also in the following pictures, and also in the next sub-section below, how earth was much smaller during the age of the Dinosaurs. Again, it was estimated to have been <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/iron_was_sent_down_from_space_as_quran_said_1.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">10% its current size</a></span> <span style="color: blue;">(see minute 1:47 in film)</span>. Let us further examine, in this sub-section and in sub-section "d" below, how earth was like when it was smaller:<br />
<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_early_jurassic_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_early_jurassic_model.jpg" width="222" /></a> <a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_late_jurassic_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_late_jurassic_model.jpg" width="223" /></a> <a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_recent_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_recent_model.jpg" width="213" /></a><br />
<span style="color: green;">"Evidence from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating" target="_blank" title="Radiometric dating"><span style="color: green;">radiometric dating</span></a><span style="color: green;"> indicates that the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" target="_blank" title="Age of the Earth"><span style="color: green;">Earth</span></a><span style="color: green;"> is about 4.570 billion years old. The geological or </span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_time" target="_blank" title="Deep time"><span style="color: green;">deep time</span></a></i><span style="color: green;"> of Earth's past has been organized into various units according to events which took place in each period. Different spans of time on the time scale are usually delimited by major geological or</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" target="_blank" title="Paleontology"><span style="color: green;">paleontological</span></a><span style="color: green;"> events, such as </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction" target="_blank" title="Mass extinction"><span style="color: green;">mass extinctions</span></a><span style="color: green;">. For example, the boundary between the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" target="_blank" title="Cretaceous"><span style="color: green;">Cretaceous</span></a><span style="color: green;"> period and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene" target="_blank" title="Paleogene"><span style="color: green;">Paleogene</span></a><span style="color: green;"> period is defined by the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary_extinction_event" target="_blank" title="Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event"><span style="color: green;">Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event</span></a><span style="color: green;">, <b><u><span style="background-color: #ffff91;">which marked the demise of the </span></u></b></span><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur" target="_blank" title="Dinosaur"><span style="color: green;"><span style="background-color: #ffff91;">dinosaurs</span></span></a></b><span style="color: green;"><b><u><span style="background-color: #ffff91;"> and of many marine species.</span></u></b> Older periods which predate the reliable fossil record are defined by absolute age."</span> (<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale</a></span>)<br />
Dinosaurs are estimated to have lived during the ages <u><b><span style="background-color: #ffff91;">before the age of Cretaceous</span></b></u>. As shown in the earth-models in the next sub-section below, the ages before the Cretaceous age were the <span style="color: red;">Early Jurassic and Late Jurassic ages</span>.<br />
These pictures above, and the ones below, are taken from this <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_video_on_how_earth_expanded.wmv" style="background-color: #ffff3e; color: blue; font-weight: 700;" target="_blank">1:30 hours film by Dr. James Maxlow</a></span>, a renowned geologist.<br />
Earth back then was much smaller in size and much lower in gravity than what it is now. <u><b><span style="background-color: #ffff71;">That is why it had gigantic dinosaurs on it.</span></b></u> The following scientists and scientific proofs further prove this:<br />
<br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">Article #2:</span></u></b><br />
<div class="section">
<h3 id="h_LowGravity0">
<span style="color: green;"><span style="font-size: small;">"</span>Low Gravity</span></h3>
<span style="color: green;">Planets with gravities lower than .8 have the following effects on people experiencing this gravity (assuming the person is from an EWS world where gravity is 1.0):</span><br />
<ul>
<li class="even first"><span style="color: green;">Increased Strength (objects of the same mass weigh less, enabling muscles used to higher gravities to accelerate them quickly and more easily)</span></li>
<li class="odd i1"><span style="color: green;">Reduced Dexterity (the muscles used to move the body for normal tasks are used to greater resistance, and therefore tend to overcompensate for motions)</span></li>
<li class="even i2"><span style="color: green;">Thinner Air (lower gravity can hold a smaller amount of air against a planet; NWP's such as Endurance or Running can offset this)</span></li>
<li class="odd last"><span style="color: green;">Increased Height (less weight means elastic supportive tissue can expand, </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #ffff5b; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline;">resulting in a height increase;</span></span><span style="color: green;"> astronauts in 0 gravity have reported height increases of 1 inch or more)</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: green;">..........</span></div>
<div class="section">
<h3 id="h_HighGravity0">
<span style="color: green;">High Gravity</span></h3>
<span style="color: green;">A humanoid body is better at handling lesser gravities than greater ones. Planets with gravities higher than 1.2 have the following effects on people experiencing this gravity (assuming the person is from an EWS world where gravity is 1.0):</span><br />
<ul>
<li class="even first"><span style="color: green;">Decreased Strength (objects of the same mass weigh more, requiring more effort to move them)</span></li>
<li class="odd i1"><span style="color: green;">Reduced Dexterity (the muscles used to move the body for normal tasks are used to less resistance, and therefore tend to undercompensate for motions)</span></li>
<li class="even last"><span style="color: green;">Decreased Height (more weight means elastic supportive tissue is compressed more, </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #ffff5b;"><b><u>resulting in a height decrease</u></b></span></span><span style="color: green;">)" </span>(<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.seankreynolds.com/rpgfiles/sj_spelljammer/gravitylargeandsmall.html" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">Source</a>, <a href="http://www.spelljammer.org/essays/physics/gravityls.html" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">2</a></span>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">Article #3:</span></u></b><br />
<span style="color: green;">"21.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Do astronauts get taller in space?</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="background-color: #ffff5b;">Since there is no (or little) gravity in space</span> the bones of the astronauts are less squashed together. The astronauts, therefore, <span style="background-color: #ffff5b;">do gain a bit of height due to this fact</span>."</span> (<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.walktallshoes.com/grow-taller.html" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">Source</a></span>)</span><br />
Therefore, it should be of no conflict with science to claim that Adam's size, <u><b>or man's initial size on earth in general</b></u>, was in the neighborhood of 90 feet tall, or that the first human-race ever walked on earth was around 90 feet tall, give or take 10 to 20 feet between the creatures' differences in heights as we today have people as tall as 7 feet and as short as 2 feet tall. The reason for this is simply because the planet earth was much smaller than what it is now.<br />
Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, said that Adam, peace be upon him, was around 90 feet tall when he lived on earth. This goes in perfect harmony with the fact that earth used to be much much smaller, which no one knew this fact at the time of the Prophet, <b><u>and that it kept growing</u></b> as demonstrated in the following sub-section.<br />
<br /> <br /><u><b><span style="color: green;">(d)-</span></b><span style="color: green; font-size: x-large;"> The earth was much smaller (estimated it was only </span></u><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/iron_was_sent_down_from_space_as_quran_said_1.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">10% its current size</span><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">(see minute 1:47 in film)</span></u></a><u><span style="color: green; font-size: x-large;">) and kept expanding:</span></u><br />
This sub-section is further proven by sub-section b above. The fact that earth had far larger, taller and heavier creatures on it (dinosaurs and others) proves that it was a much smaller planet. As scientists confirmed in sub-section b above, the smaller the planet, the lesser its gravity and the larger and taller its creatures will be.<br />
<br />
<u><b><span style="font-size: large;">Article #1:</span></b></u><br />
The following models show the stages of growth that the earth went through. They are taken from this <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_video_on_how_earth_expanded.wmv" style="background-color: #ffff3e; color: blue; font-weight: 700;" target="_blank">1:30 hours film by Dr. James Maxlow</a></span>, a renowned geologist.<br />
<span style="color: green;">(<b>Note:</b> Click on any of the images to enlarge it)</span><br />
<div align="left">
<table border="0" id="table2" style="width: 44%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" width="32"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">1-</span></td><td align="left" width="241"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_carboniferous_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_carboniferous_model.jpg" width="223" /></a><br /> </td><td align="left"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">8-</span></td><td align="left" width="254"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_late_cretaceous_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="134" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_late_cretaceous_model.jpg" width="211" /></a><br /> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" width="32"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">2-</span></td><td align="left" width="241"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_permian_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="137" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_permian_model.jpg" width="224" /></a><br /> </td><td align="left"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">9-</span></td><td align="left" width="254"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_paleocene_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_paleocene_model.jpg" width="215" /></a><br /> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" width="32"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">3-</span></td><td align="left" width="241"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_triassic_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="141" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_triassic_model.jpg" width="223" /></a><br /> </td><td align="left"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">10-</span></td><td align="left" width="254"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_eocene_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="140" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_eocene_model.jpg" width="221" /></a><br /> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" width="32"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">4-</span></td><td align="left" width="241"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_early_jurassic_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="134" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_early_jurassic_model.jpg" width="223" /></a><br /> </td><td align="left"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">11-</span></td><td align="left" width="254"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_oligocene_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_oligocene_model.jpg" width="223" /></a><br /> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" width="32"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">5-</span></td><td align="left" width="241"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_late_jurassic_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_late_jurassic_model.jpg" width="223" /></a><br /> </td><td align="left"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">12-</span></td><td align="left" width="254"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_miocene_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_miocene_model.jpg" width="223" /></a><br /> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" width="32"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">6-</span></td><td align="left" width="241"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_early_cretaceous_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="135" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_early_cretaceous_model.jpg" width="224" /></a><br /> </td><td align="left"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">13-</span></td><td align="left" width="254"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_pliocene_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="137" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_pliocene_model.jpg" width="221" /></a><br /> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" width="32"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">7-</span></td><td align="left" width="241"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_mid_cretaceous_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_mid_cretaceous_model.jpg" width="225" /></a><br /> </td><td align="left"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">14-</span></td><td align="left" width="254"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_recent_model.jpg" style="color: white;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="138" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dr_james_maxlow_earth_recent_model.jpg" width="223" /></a><br /> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">Article #2:</span></u></b><br />
The following videos are also from the works of Western scientists who have proven and demonstrated that the earth was indeed much smaller than what it is now,<u><b>and it kept <span style="background-color: #ffff3e;">growing and expanding</span>:</b></u><br />
<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/expansion_of_earth.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="234" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/expansion_of_earth1.jpg" width="373" /></a><br />
<br />
<u><b><span style="font-size: large;">Article #3:</span></b></u><br />
<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/bringing_forth_water_after_earth_expansion.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="247" src="http://www.answering-christianity.com/earth_expansion2.jpg" width="563" /></a><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/bringing_forth_water_after_earth_expansion.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The bringing forth of the earth's waters (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, etc...) after the expansion of the planet earth.</a> </b></span>A new scientific video, from a Western scientist, confirms the stunning Scientific Miracle in Noble Verses <span style="background-color: #ffff75;">79:30-32</span> regarding Allah Almighty bringing forth the waters (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, etc...) after He expanded the earth. Scientists have proven that our planet earth, indeed, was at one point <b><u>all covered with land with shallow and limited bodies of water.</u></b> The vast bodies of water that we have today, where water today covers more than 70% of the entire globe, happened after the expansion of the earth --<b><u>precisely as Allah Almighty mentioned in the Noble Quran.</u></b> Scientists have only recently confirmed it!<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b><span style="font-size: large;">We can probably even use the Hadiths to determine when man first existed on earth!</span></b></u><br />
I personally see a very beautiful and miraculous statement by the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, peace be upon him, because when we bring his statements above and examine them in light of Allah Almighty's Divine Statements, in the main-section below, about planet earth, we're left with a very beautiful and Scientific Statement that is not only in perfect agreement with science about earth used to be smaller than what it is now, and that since earth was smaller, then the creatures had to be much larger, <b>which clearly explains why earth, for instance, <span style="color: red;">had dinosaurs</span> on it in the past,</b> but we can also use the Prophet's Statements about man's initial height to estimate man's initial average size and weight, and to determine how much force was gravity pulling and how big was earth, <b><span style="background-color: yellow;">and approximately how many millions or billions of years ago <span style="font-size: medium;">did the first man walk on earth.</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">3-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> Allah Almighty Said that He Expanded the earth:</span><br />
Please visit the following links for detailed proofs from the Noble Quran and Science with TEXT and VIDEO:<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/bringing_forth_water_after_earth_expansion.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The bringing forth of the earth's waters (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, etc...) after the expansion of the planet earth.</a> </b></span>A new scientific video, from a Western scientist, confirms the stunning Scientific Miracle in Noble Verses <span style="background-color: #ffff75;">79:30-32</span> regarding Allah Almighty bringing forth the waters (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, etc...) after He expanded the earth. Scientists have proven that our planet earth, indeed, was at one point <b><u>all covered with land with shallow and limited bodies of water.</u></b> The vast bodies of water that we have today, where water today covers more than 70% of the entire globe, happened after the expansion of the earth -- <b><u>precisely as Allah Almighty mentioned in the Noble Quran.</u></b> Scientists have only recently confirmed it!<br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/continents_drift_and_earth_expansion_mentioned_in_noble_quran.wmv" style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;" target="_blank">Continents' Drift and the expansion of the earth in the Noble Quran.</a> </span>Sent to me by brother Mahir; may Allah Almighty always be pleased with him.<br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/sun_stars_earth_universe_rising_seas.wmv" style="background-color: #ffff71; color: blue; font-weight: 700;" target="_blank">The Sun darkening; Black Holes; Earth's Expansion; Big Bang and the expansion of the Universe; Cosmic Web; Rising of the Seas.</a> </span><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/reason_5.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The constant reduction of earth after its expansion, and the Miracle of Iron in the Holy Quran.</a></span><br /> </li>
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<b>Other related articles and videos:</b><br />
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<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/egg-shaped_earth.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">If the Noble Quran says the <span style="background-color: #f3ec5c; font-weight: 700;">earth is "egg-shaped"</span> through a Notion, then why couldn't Prophet Muhammad just say it clear in plain Arabic?</a></span><br /> </li>
<li><strong><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/earth_in_islam.htm" style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;">Allah Almighty said that the earth is "egg-shaped".</span></a></strong><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/mahir/early_muslims_said_earth_spherical.htm" style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;">Several EARLY imams said the earth is spherical through Noble Verse 79:30.</a> <span style="color: black;">Medieval Imams agreed that the earth is round using the Noble Quran.</span></span><br /> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/motion_of_earth.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Motion of Earth in the Noble Quran.</span></a><br /> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/earth_rotation.htm" style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;">The Noble Quran confirms that the earth is rotating around its axle.</span></a><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/ozone_layer_protecting_earth.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: #f3ec5c;">The Ozone layer</span></b> is a protective ceiling to earth</a></span><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/ozone_layer_protecting_earth.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">.</span></a><br /> <menu>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/ozone_layer_heals_itself.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The Ozone layer is able to heal itself from damage - mentioned in the Noble Quran and confirmed by science!</a></span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/ozone_air_balance.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The Ozone layer is raised to balance air pressure and temperature - mentioned in the Noble Quran and confirmed by science!</a></span><br /> </li>
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<li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/mountains.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><strong>Mountains prevent</strong><strong style="font-weight: 400;"> the earth from shaking while rotating around its own axle.</strong></a></span><br /> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/earth.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><b>The 7 layers of earth</b> and iron was sent down from space.</a></span><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/breathing_miracle.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: #f1f38d;">The breathing cycle during the day on planet earth</span></b> by the plants, humans and animals - mentioned in the Noble Quran and confirmed by Science!</a></span><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/water_shall_vanish.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: #f3ec5c;">Water on earth shall vanish</span></b> - mentioned in the Noble Quran and confirmed by Science!</a></span><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/reason_3.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">By the earth's fault lines.</a></span><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/reason_4.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The mountains prevent the earth from shaking while its rotating around its own axis.</a></span> <br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/reason_5.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The constant reduction of earth after its expansion, and the Miracle of Iron in the Holy Quran.</a></span> <br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/reason_9.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">Waves and layers upon waves and layers in the seas.</a></span> <br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/reason_10.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">Water above Fire and Fire above Water layers on earth.</a></span> <br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: #3333ff;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/universe_origins_and_the_2nd_earths_creation.mp3" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The origins of the Universe, Big Bang theory, Cosmic Crunch, <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">and the creation of the </span></b><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: medium;">SECOND EARTH</span></span></span> after the second Big Bang in the Noble Quran and Science.</a></span><br /> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/cosmic_crunch_and_creation_of_2nd_universe_and_earth.mp3" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The Cosmic Crunch and the creation of the second Universe <span style="background-color: #ffff66; font-weight: bold;">and second earth.</span></a><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: #3333ff;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/lowest_land_on_earth.mp3" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The location of the lowest land on earth.</a></span><br /> </li>
<li><strong><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/lowest_land_miracle.htm" style="color: blue;">The Geological Miracle in Noble Verses 30:2-5 (the place where the Romans were defeated).</a></span></strong><br /> <menu>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/dead_sea_rebuttal.htm" style="color: blue;">Rebuttal to Shamoun's and Katz' "Sinking to Dead Sea Levels" article.</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/lowest_land_on_earth.mp3" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">The location of the lowest land on earth <span style="background-color: yellow;">(AUDIO)</span>.</a><br /> </li>
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<li><span style="color: #3333ff;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/reduction_of_earth_size_200_times_smaller.mp3" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">The constant reduction of earth's size: <span style="background-color: #f8f863; font-weight: bold;">The earth used to be 200 times bigger!</span></a></span><br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/google_earth_proves_islam.wmv" style="background-color: yellow; color: blue;" target="_blank">Google-Earth Proves Islam.</a></span> See Prophet Muhammad's Miracle of choosing the perfect location of the Mosque on Google-Earth.<br /> </li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/sun_stars_earth_universe_rising_seas.wmv" style="background-color: #ffff71; color: blue; font-weight: 700;" target="_blank">The Sun darkening; Black Holes; Earth's Expansion; Big Bang and the expansion of the Universe; Cosmic Web; Rising of the Seas.</a></span></li>
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<span style="color: red;">4-</span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> Conclusion:</span><br />
Again, the Noble Quran and Islam are filled with scientific statements and notions. These are statements of Allah Almighty describing how He created things on earth and in the Universe. What's most amazing is that all of these scientific statements and notions had been proven to be in <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/sci_quran.htm" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">perfect agreement with science</a></span> and our modern-day scientific discoveries. Allah Almighty made the Noble Quran be Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) Everlasting Divine Miracle and proof for Prophethood. The Holy Book certainly stood the test of time 1,500 years ago with Its Claims, Prophecies and Miraculous language eloquence, and it does again and again in our day today with Its overwhelming agreement with science and discoveries that were not known to man 1,500 years ago.<br />
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Allah Almighty Said: <big><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">"We will show them </span><strong><u><span style="font-size: small;">Our signs in the Universe</span></u></strong><span style="font-size: small;"> and <strong><u>inside their selves</u></strong>, until it will become quite clear to them that it is the truth. Is it not sufficient as regards your Lord that He is a witness over all things? </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">(The Noble Quran, 41:53)</span><span style="color: red; font-size: small;">"</span></big></div>
Allah Almighty in the Glorious Quran declared that He had expanded the earth, and made it spherical in shape and moving in space. Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, also declared that mankind were much bigger in size when they were first created and then kept on shrinking/diminishing in size. Yes indeed, planet earth was much smaller than what it is now (estimated to have been <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/iron_was_sent_down_from_space_as_quran_said_1.wmv" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">10% its current size</a></span> <span style="color: blue;">(see minute 1:47 in film)</span>), which explains why creatures like the dinosaurs were much larger than what we are. And yes indeed, creatures on earth were much larger in size than what they are now. <b>And the more size earth gained, the more gravity it gained, and hence the lesser our bodies became to balance out with the constant pull of gravity. </b>Thus, it would be of no surprise to discover that Adam, peace be upon him, was indeed in the neighborhood of 90 feet tall, or that the first human-race ever walked on earth was in the neighborhood of 90 feet tall, give or take 10 to 20 feet in difference, since we today also have ranges of heights among people, where we find humans as tall as 7 feet and even taller, and humans as short as 2 feet and even shorter.<br />
Also, as I suggested above, we can even use the Prophet's Statements, of man's initial height being 60 cubits, to estimate his average size and weight, and to determine how much force was gravity pulling and how big was earth, <b><span style="background-color: #ffff80;">and approximately how many millions or billions of years ago did the first man walk on earth.</span></b><br />
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Indeed, all Praise and Glory are due to Allah Almighty Alone for making the Noble Quran and the Divine Inspirations that He Sent to Prophet Muhammad be the Perfect and Everlasting Miracle, for us humans, out of all of His Divine Miracles! And may Allah Almighty send His Peace, Mercy and Blessings upon our Beloved and Blessed Prophet, Teacher and Role Model, Muhammad. Ameen.</div>
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<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/sci_quran.htm" style="color: blue;"><strong>The Scientific Miracles in the Noble Quran.</strong></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/ahmed_eldin/light_of_moon.htm" style="color: blue;">The Quran states that the light of the moon is reflected light.</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/muhammad.htm">Prophet Muhammad's peace be upon him section.</a><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/islam_quran.htm">Allah, Islam, Quran, Muhammad questions and answers.</a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/jesus_in_islam.htm">What is the place of Jews, Christians and non-Muslims in Islam.</a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/askme.htm">Ask me any question section.</a></span><br />
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<tr><td><u><span style="font-size: large;">The S-shaped moon orbit!</span></u>It is also relevant to know that Allah Almighty described the shape of the moon's entire orbit around the earth as a shape of an old and dried-out date tree's branch, <span style="color: green;">also scientifically known and confirmed today as <span style="background-color: #ebf09e;">S-shaped.</span></span> The shape of the old and dried-out branch of a date tree does resemble the letter "S". I provided images in the article that prove this.<br />
Please visit: <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/moon_orbit_miracle.htm" style="color: blue;">The moon's <b>S-shaped</b> orbit around earth is <b>shaped like a branch of a date tree,</b> mentioned in the Noble Quran and confirmed by Science!</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><u><span style="font-size: large;">The egg-shaped earth's orbit!</span></u>This is not the only time Allah Almighty used a notion for astronomy. In another Noble Verse, He described the shape of the<span style="color: green;">earth's orbit around the sun as egg-shaped</span> which had also been confirmed by science.<br />
Please visit: <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.answering-christianity.com/egg-shaped_earth.htm" style="color: blue;">If the Noble Quran says the earth is "egg-shaped" through a Notion, then why couldn't Prophet Muhammad just say it clear in plain Arabic?</a> </span>with <span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">detailed proofs demonstrating the miracle of the Word/Notion "dahaha".</span></td></tr>
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6884369607022589145.post-82675512077526634252013-04-18T15:27:00.001-07:002013-05-14T15:24:31.478-07:00The Antichrist
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If it weren't for the antichrist, none of these studies might be necessary. We would not have to worry about the end times, we wouldn't even have been born into this flesh earth age if it were not for the antichrist. For the antichrist is satan himself. And it was satan who caused the rebellion in th<span style="font-size: small;">e fir</span>st earth age, causing God to destroy that age and made way for this second one. (See <a href="http://biblestudysite.com/begin.htm" style="color: #1155cc;">When was Thee beginning?</a> for a study on the three separate earth ages.)</div>
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<i> <span style="font-family: Stencil;">The Antichrist </span> The very sound of that name sends cords of revulsion through the soul of any Christian. He is the enemy of God and Christ, therefore he is our enemy. But who is he? How are we to identify him when he manifests himself? Will we know him? Is he a man born of woman; is he a computer in Belgium; was he Mussolini or Hitler that some thought he was; will he be the Pope of Rome that some think he will be? When does he appear? How does he appear? Will he kill Christians where-by we will know it is he? Will he have horns and breath fire? And lastly, will he have "666" tattooed on his forehead and right hand, and insist that we too also bear them, where-by we will know this evil one?</i></div>
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<i> The above are all questions that any intelligent informed Christian in this endtime generation should be asking. You would think it important that our spiritual leaders would warn us and make us aware of the archenemy of our Lord, and by extension, our enemy.</i></div>
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The antichrist is not even mentioned in most of the Churches of today, much less addressed; and when he is—it is so far from what God's Word tells us—we would be better off if they didn't. We Christians are told to simply worship God and praise Jesus, without being instructed on how to protect ourselves from the very enemy of our eternal souls. Worship and praise is a good thing indeed; however, we also need the warnings.</div>
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Why hasn't the church amply warned the Christian of the antichrist? Why is there so much confusion regarding this evil one? That's a fair question. Yes, we are asking you to break free from the spiritual bonds placed upon you by the false teachers/preachers in our generation and ask that simple question. A question that is more important to you in this the final generation than at any other time in the history of the world. True Christianity does not bind you, it frees you. In this study we will learn from God's Written Word, the Bible, the plan of satan to deceive the world, by his using of the compromised and corrupted religious leaders of this globe, to <i>prostitute</i> their entire congregations into the false wedding feast with the false messiah. For antichrist shall not only beguile the Christian churches, but all the world's other religions as well, even though they be false from the beginning.</div>
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So buckle your seat belts and join us for a ride through the truth that many do not want you to know. The short answer as to why the average Christian is not armed with accurate information regarding the antichrist is that, in the Catholic Church (representing half of all Christians world-wide), they do not teach Bible, they teach the Catholic Catechism and the teachings of the "Church Fathers." And in the "Rapture churches" (Pentecostal, Baptist, Charismatic, Apostolic Catholic, <i>etc.</i>), they teach their people that they will be gone (in their Rapture) by the time that the antichrist gets here, so "why worry?" The problem is, is that when a church teaches doctrines of man over doctrines of God's Bible, they destroy the Christian faithful. And there isn't going to be any Rapture. So what you have is a large body of Christians totally unaware and unprepared for that which God has warned us was to come. (See: <span style="text-transform: capitalize;"><a href="http://www.biblestudysite.com/rapture.htm" style="color: #1155cc;">The Rapture Theory; What Does God's Word Say About It?</a></span>)</div>
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Now, there is a plan, a plan written of thousands of years ago, a plan written of from the book of Genesis through the book of Revelation, a plan that was set into motion millions of years before Adam and Eve were beguiled and deceived by the serpent in the Garden of Eden.</div>
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By the end of this study we will have scripturally documented without a doubt that satan is antichrist, we will also discover his plan of deception as it is outlined in the Bible. God is in control and He only allows satan to fulfill the negative part of the prophecies in the Bible. Satan is a great imitator. And just as Jesus goes by different names and fills many offices, so too does satan. Jesus is all that is good and true, and satan is all that is evil and false. For every negative in God's Word there is a positive. (See also: <a href="http://biblestudysite.com/answers11.htm#9" style="color: #1155cc;">Reasons why antichrist can't be a flesh man but is in fact satan himself</a>)</div>
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We know Jesus as: The Son of God, The Bread of Life, Savior, The Tree of Life, Messiah, The Christ, Man of sorrows, The Way, The Truth, and The Life, The Light of the World, The Alpha and The Omega, King of kings Lord of lords. ...</div>
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Why would you then think it odd that God's archenemy, the opposite of Jesus Christ in all things, would also go by many different names and fulfill many different roles throughout the history of God's plan? </div>
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Satan is called variously: the serpent, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, the son of perdition, the abomination of desolation, the beast, the dragon, death, morning star, lucifer, father of lies, king of ty'-rus, devil, king of babylon, the assyrian, the prince that shall come, the vile person, the prince of the power of the air, beelzebub, and the man of sin.</div>
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These are not even all of the names and roles satan has played in the Bible. But it is his final role as the antichrist that is the most formidable. The word "antichrist" itself is somewhat confusing in the English translation. The word antichrist in the Greek of the New Testament is not like our English word '<strong>anti-</strong>freeze' or '<strong>anti</strong>-bodies'. In Greek 'anti' means: <i>instead of</i>, <i>a substitute</i>, <i>an imposter</i>. Below we supply the definition of 'antichrist' from the Greek dictionary of the <a href="http://biblestudysite.com/studyaids.htm#languages" style="color: #1155cc;">Strong's Exhaustive Concordance</a>:</div>
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<strong><span style="color: maroon;"><u>antichrist</u></span>:</strong> Greek word #500 antichristos (an-tee'-khris-tos); from <span style="color: navy;"><strong># 473</strong> (<em>anti)</em> </span>and <strong># <span style="color: purple;">5547</span></strong><span style="color: purple;"> (<em>Christos)</em></span>; an opponent of the Messiah: KJV-- antichrist.</div>
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[The word antichrist is made up of two Greek words:]</div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong><u>Anti</u>:</strong></span> Greek word # 473:<em> anti</em> (an-tee'); a primary particle; opposite, i.e. <strong><u>instead of</u></strong>, or<strong>because of (rarely in addition to)</strong>: for, <b>instead of</b>, <strong>in place of (something) Often used in composition to denote <u>substitution</u>.</strong></div>
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<span style="color: purple;"><strong><u>Christos</u>:</strong></span> Greek word #5547: <em>Christos</em> (khris-tos'); anointed, i.e. the Messiah, an epithet of Jesus</div>
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When satan first comes as the antichrist he is not going to appear as all that is evil—not at the first—but as his time here continues he will show his true self. By this means, as it is written in the Bible, he shall deceive the world. He could not deceive anyone if he came as a monster breathing fire, no, but as the false christ, the <i>instead-of</i> christ, the imposter, he will catch most all the world off guard. The people of this earth are not ready for a supernatural being possessing supernatural powers, who is <u>allowed by God to perform miracles</u> (Rev 13:13-14), and who also comes <strong>FIRST</strong> before the true Messiah, in the likeness and similitude of what the world expects of the prophesied True Messiah.</div>
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As it is prophesied, satan (as the antichrist) will come to this earth in the final times as an<i> instead-of</i> christ, an impostor to the true Christ <b>prior</b> to the prophesied Second Advent of Jesus Christ. Satan and his accompanying fallen angels will have but a five month reign (Rev 9:5 & 10) which was shortened by the Grace of God from the 3½ years (Mat 24:21-22 & Mk 13:19-20). </div>
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The True Jesus Christ comes at the last (<span style="color: black;">7</span>th) Trump (Rev 19:11ff)<em>, </em>which leads into the Millennium (1000 year) period (Rev 20:4-5), then onto Judgment Day including the casting into the Lake of Fire (commonly referred to as <i>Hell</i>) of those who did not overcome (Rev 20:11-15), then the eternal Heaven Age having no end for the faithful (Rev 21:1-4). </div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Rev 20:10</strong>10 And <strong><u>the devil that deceived them</u></strong> was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. (KJV)</span></div>
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You notice that the devil <i>deceived them</i>, those that the devil deceived shall join him that Lake of Fire after Judgment Day:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><b>Rev 20:13-15</b><br />13 And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works.<br />14 And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death.<br />15 And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire. KJV</span></div>
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You can avoid being one of the deceived ones by studying God's Letter to you, the Bible, which teaches us and warns us of all things. The fastest way to get yourself deceived is to listen to some man over God's Word. For satan has sent many false teachers/preachers ahead of him into this world to prepare the deception. Yes, satan's minions are Priests, Preachers, Pastors, Bishops, Deacons, Rabbis, Ministers, Imams, Monks, ... Oh, not all of them, mind you, but enough.</div>
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All the false non-Christian <i>Ministers</i> are all errant and lead their followers to the danger of the Judgment, but not all of the Christian Ministers are corrupt, there are still some true ones left, and even most of the corrupt ones do it in ignorance—they are just following orders from the hierarchy. You have to test what they say with what God says in the Bible, if you can document what they say as true in the Bible then you have yourself a good teacher/preacher.</div>
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That is the reason that God insured that we would have His Written Word in our language at this end time generation. It is also why Jesus commanded that the Gospel be spread across the whole world to all peoples and tongues. All must have a fair chance to follow their Heavenly Father God through Christ Jesus over some man who may be lying in His name. And you must be aware that this happens, many <em>so-called</em> men of God are teaching falsely. You will not be able to withstand the deception if you do not even understand that it even exists.</div>
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The Bible warns of false teachers/preachers over and over again. But if you are waiting for your Priest, Pastor, Teacher to warn you—forget about it—they don't and won't. There is probably only one topic that they teach LESS than they teach about the coming antichrist, and that is the warnings from God's Word about the onslaught of the false teachers/preachers in the end times. Here's something that is hard to swallow, the false teachers/preachers don't even believe in God and Jesus, how could they and yet do what they do, to them this is just a job, and you simply represent $$$ to them.</div>
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I must restate that all teachers/preachers are not bad, there are good ones. You must test the fruit of the teacher/preacher. The way way you test them is that if what they teach aligns with what God's Written Word teaches, and they do not twist Scriptures, then they are good:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>I Jn 4:1</strong><br />1 Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world. (KJV)</span><br />
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Matt 7:15-23</strong> </span><em>(Jesus speaking)</em><br />
<span style="color: green;">15 Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves.<br />16 Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?<br />17 Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit.<br />18 A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit.<br />19 Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire.<br />20 Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them.<br />21 Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven.<br />22 Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works?<br />23 And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity. (KJV)</span></div>
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Being informed and prepared takes effort on your part, if you are too busy or too lazy to study God's Word yourself, and instead rely on some unknown man at a pulpit for your spiritual well being and the fate of your eternal soul - then would you not deserve the punishment for your following the false one through self imposed ignorance? Think about this for a minute, if satan wants all souls on this planet to worship him as God, and he does want that, and they will worship him unknowingly as it is written:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>2nd Thess 2:2-4</strong></span> <em>(events just prior to the Second Advent)</em><span style="color: green;">2 That ye be not soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word, nor by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand.<br />3 Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition;<br />4 Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that <strong><u>he as God</u></strong> sitteth in the temple of God, <strong><u>shewing himself that he is God</u></strong>. (KJV)</span></div>
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How would he best go about it? Satan sends his minions to appear as good godly men, clergy and teachers/preachers who on the outside appear so good. And when he himself comes, he will look, act, and talk like the world believes the True Messiah should.</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>2 Cor 11:13-15</strong><br />13 For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, <strong><u>transforming</u></strong> themselves into the apostles of Christ.<br />14 And no marvel; for Satan himself is <strong><u>transformed</u></strong> into an angel of light.<br />15 Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also be <strong><u>transformed</u></strong> as the ministers of righteousness; whose end shall be according to their works. (KJV)</span></div>
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This word <span style="color: green;"><strong><u>transformed</u></strong></span> is taken from a Greek word that means so much more. The Greek word '<em>metaschematizo'' </em>is in the manuscripts, the King James Translators rendered it 'transformed.' Let's look at the truest definition of the word in the <a href="http://biblestudysite.com/studyaids.htm#languages" style="color: #1155cc;">Strong's Exhaustive Concordance</a>, and you will see how valuable a tool the Strong's concordance is to fruitful Bible study:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong><u>Transformed:</u></strong></span> Greek word #3345 <em>metaschematizo</em> (met-askh-ay-mat-id'-zo);from 3326 and a derivative of 4976;<strong><u> to transfigure or disguise</u></strong>; figuratively, to apply (by accommodation)</div>
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By this means he will in fact deceive the world, and none will even know to pray to God for deliverance because they will think He (God - Jesus -Messiah) is already here. That is why Jesus states: <em><span style="color: green;">"Therefore be ye also ready: for <strong>in such an hour as ye think not</strong> the Son of man cometh."</span> </em>(Matt 24:44). When does someone least expect the arrival of Christ? When they think that <u>He is already here</u>! </div>
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But don't worry, God is in control, and He has already won the final battle between good and evil. All that is left to do is for us to decide who's side we are going to be on, God's or satan's.</div>
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Satan is allowed by God, and given supernatural powers from God to deceive the world. God allows satan to do this to fulfill the negative part of God's plan. Below we will see the powers that God will allow satan to possess for his five month reign as the antichrist just prior to the true Christ's return. In this next Scripture, from the book of Revelation, the first beast is the one-world political/religious system and the second beast is the antichrist himself. And satan will be that antichrist. Let's look at his powers whereby we can be prepared, forewarned, and therefore spiritually aware of the evil that comes:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Rev 13:11-18</strong>11 And I beheld <strong><u>another beast</u></strong> coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon.<br />12 And he exerciseth all the power of the <strong><u>first beast before him</u></strong>, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed.<br />13 And <strong><u>he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men</u></strong>,<br />14 And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of <strong><u>those miracles which he had power to do</u></strong> in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live.<br />15 And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed.<br />16 And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark <strong><u>in their right hand, or in their foreheads</u></strong>:<br />17 And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.<br />18 Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is <strong><u>Six hundred threescore and six</u></strong>. (KJV)</span></div>
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In verse 18 above: <span style="color: green;"><strong><u>Six hundred threescore and six</u></strong></span> is six hundred and sixty and six and it is where they get the infamous "666".</div>
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If it had not been for the true Christians, satan could have easily deceived the various religions of the world by the means described in the below table, and he will use those means if he can get away with it. And after observing the vulnerability of the below "groups of peoples" you will have a better understanding of why Christ was sent to this earth to be crucified for our sins, and why He warned us of the dangerous power of the evil one.</div>
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For it is only through Christ that we can be saved. All the other 'religions' on this planet are ruses by satan. Jesus told us: <em><span style="color: green;">"Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: <strong>no man cometh unto the Father, but by me</strong>."</span></em> (John 14:6).<em></em></div>
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<em> </em>Now I don't care what some liberal false teacher/preacher tells you about 'religious tolerance,' Jesus stated <span style="color: green;">"<em><strong>no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.</strong>"</em> </span>You believe whom you want. And just because satan had them to name something a 'religion,' does not mean God acknowledges it - what's in a name anyway?!?</div>
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<a href="http://www.biblestudysite.com/anti.htm" name="15" style="color: #1155cc;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></strong></a><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How satan, as antichrist claiming to be the True Christ, is enabled to deceive and cause the various "belief systems" of the world into unknowingly worshiping him as the True</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><strong style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Messiah</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>Atheists and agnostics</strong></span> will believe him to be the true Christ when the antichrist shows up in person performing miracles and stating that he is the Savior, also offering forgiveness if they believe upon and worship him.</div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>Moslems</strong></span> will follow, when the antichrist states that he is the one they call "The One" who has come to lead them to the promised land. </div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>Satan worshipers and the occultists</strong></span> will convert, when antichrist comes stating that he offers salvation to them if they repent and worship him as the True Messiah.</div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>Pagans as well as those who worship many different gods</strong></span> (sun gods, earth gods, wind gods, water gods, warrior gods...), will forsake their deities and worship antichrist as their messiah, when he comes showing wonders and making lightning come down from heaven on command; satan will have this power, allowed to him by God <em>(Rev 13:13+14)</em>.</div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>Religious Jews</strong></span> who are still waiting for the First Advent of the Messiah, will flock to antichrist, as he shows himself off to be the True Messiah written of in the Torah. The first time the True Messiah came to them, they not only rejected Him, they murdered Him, and now when the fake comes they will accept and worship him - sad, is it not?</div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong>All Christian denominations and the Christian Rapturists</strong></span> will believe the first supernatural being that comes to the earth claiming to be Jesus Christ. And for the Rapturist who had been deceived with the false Rapture doctrine, he will be led away with the promise of a Rapture. They will <strong><u>ALL</u></strong> unknowingly worship satan as an instead-of Christ, the antichrist.</div>
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Not because they are evil, but because they were not warned by the false teachers/preachers whom are nothing more than the wolves in sheep's clothing.</div>
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These are perhaps the saddest of all the deceived; for they had a fair chance, they had the truth set before them by God in their own Bibles. They just preferred the "feel good" doctrines of men over the Word of our Lord. They have degenerated into a pitiful state of being a hypocrite and a 'finger pointer.' Jesus foresaw this and He spoke of it: <em>"Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel." (Matt 23:24)</em>.</div>
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They worry more about whether brother so-and-so was at the tavern having a drink, or if he's a divorcee or not, rather than the fact that they are spiraling into worshiping satan as the imposter to the Lord they love; sad, is it not?</div>
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If you are still following us here, then I say to you, <i>"Pretty scary, huh?"</i> And if we have left anyone out above, don't worry, satan will be sure to give them every opportunity to participate in the great apostasy. This is not some new revelation, or some off-the-wall new prophecy, this has been written in your Bibles all along - but the false teachers/preachers have hid it from you. What are you going to do? Lay down and die - eternally, or study your Heavenly Father's Written Word whereby you can overcome! The choice is yours, and you do have to make a choice or satan will make it for you.</div>
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Satan was not always evil though, he was once good, believe it or not, he was a <em><span style="color: green;">"Cherubim that covereth"</span> </em>(Ezek 28:14), which is a protecting Angel that guarded the Mercy Seat; a seat that Christ Himself sits upon. Satan was at the first a good angel: <span style="color: green;"><em>"</em><i>Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee.</i><em>" </em></span>(Ezek 28:15)<span style="color: green;">. </span>But his first transgression was vanity, he didn't want to guard the Mercy Seat, he wanted to sit on it, as Christ, as God, and still seeks that today. And for a five month period in the end times, he will accomplish just that as the antichrist:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>2nd Thess 2:1-4</strong>1 Now we beseech you, brethren, by the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, and by our gathering together unto him,<br />2 That ye be not soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word, nor by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand.<br />3 Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and<strong><u>that man of sin</u></strong> be revealed, <strong><u>the son of perdition</u></strong>;<br />4 Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God. (KJV)</span></div>
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Satan is <span style="color: green;">"<strong style="font-weight: 400;">that man of sin</strong>"</span> and<strong> </strong><span style="color: green;">"<strong style="font-weight: 400;">the son of perdition</strong>"</span>. Some will try to tell you that Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Christ, is the son of perdition. This is untrue and to document: In verse 4 above we see: <span style="color: green;">"<strong style="font-weight: 400;">the son of perdition</strong>"</span> who: <span style="color: green;">"<strong style="font-weight: 400;">opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God</strong>."</span> Judas Iscariot never did that, Judas never said that he was God. In fact after he realized that they were really going to crucify Jesus, and that Jesus was going to let it happen; Judas threw the money that he was paid to betray Jesus down onto the temple floor.</div>
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This was an act of repentance. Son of perdition means: The one who perishes. I know it's easy to jump on the bandwagon with all the self righteous hypocrites that say Judas is going to hell for betraying Jesus. But through Christ, isn't salvation open to all upon repentance? Jesus said it was, even to those who died before Christ had paid the price on the cross, for after Christ was crucified and before He appeared back on earth resurrected; Jesus went to the lost souls in prison<em>(hell)</em> and offered them forgiveness and salvation.<em> </em>1st Pet 3:18+19, Eph 4:8-10, and Rev 20:7 for documentation on what 'prison' means.</div>
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There is only one soul that is condemned by name to eternal perishment, and that is satan, the <i>son of perdition</i> by one name, and the <i>antichrist</i> by another. Satan has many names but he's the same entity. Below we see God condemning satan to be consumed from within (perish). At this time satan is the only one by name who has been judged to death in the lake of fire, many more will follow him after judgment day.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: green;">Ezek 28:13-19</span> </strong><em>(God condemning satan)</em><strong><br /></strong><span style="color: green;">13 <strong><u>Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God</u></strong>; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created.<br />14 <strong><u>Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth</u></strong>; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.<br />15 T<strong><u>hou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee</u></strong>.<br />16 By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and <strong><u>I will destroy thee</u></strong>, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.<br />17 <strong><u>Thine heart was lifted up</u></strong> because of thy beauty, t<strong><u>hou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness</u></strong>: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee.<br />18 Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will<strong><u> I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee</u></strong>.<br />19 All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, <strong><u>and never shalt thou be any more</u></strong>. (KJV)</span></div>
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Satan revolted in the first earth age<span style="color: red;"><strong>*</strong></span>, chronologically transpiring between <em>(Genesis 1:1 and 1:2)</em>, and led one third of God's children to fight against God and His Angels<em> (Rev 12:3+4)</em>. God of course won, and destroyed that first earth age. This destruction is written of in<em> (2nd Pet 3:5-7)</em> and for an even more clear view do a study in <em>(Jere 4:23-27)</em>. This destruction by water should not be confused with Noah's flood (notice in<em> (Jere 4:25)</em> it reads: <span style="color: green;">"there was no man"</span>). But we all know that Noah and his family survived Noah's flood.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">*</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">If you don't understand about the three earth ages, see<br /> the In-depth Bible Study: <a href="http://biblestudysite.com/begin.htm" style="color: #1155cc;"><u>When Was The beginning</u></a>.</span></div>
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This is speaking of a prior flood that caused complete destruction of everything and everyone. It was the wrath of God brought about because one third of His beloved children whom He had created to keep Him company, betrayed and turned their back on Him and joined satan in an takeover attempt. I wonder how many will join satan the next time he tries a takeover, when he stands in Jerusalem in our very near future claiming to be the Messiah, claiming to be God Himself! This time, those who do so will be blotted out, perishing just like satan, who has already been sentenced to the eternal death. God also promises to win the next and final battle between good and evil, He even gives us a play-by-play, in the book of Revelation:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Rev 20:9-10</strong>9 And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them.<br />10 And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. (KJV)</span></div>
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The Garden of Eden, satan was there you know. He was the one that beguiled Eve. The serpent wasn't some talking gardener snake, snakes don't have the organs of speech. <u>Satan</u> was the serpent, <u>he</u> was that <em><span style="color: green;">"tree of the knowledge of good and evil in the midst of the garden"</span></em></div>
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<span style="color: green;"><b>Gen 3:1</b><br />3:1 Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? KJV<br /><br /><b>Ezek 28:13</b><br />13 <u>Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God</u>; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. KJV</span></div>
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All throughout Biblical history, satan has tried to destroy the lineage that Christ was to come through, umbilical cord to umbilical cord, from Adam's Eve to the Virgin Mary. First by impregnating Eve with Cain.<strong><span style="color: red;">*</span> </strong>Then; causing his (satan's) son Cain, to murder Adams son Able. Noah's flood became necessary because of what satan's fallen angels had done (the<em> <span style="color: green;">"Sons of God"</span></em> in<em> Gen 6:2</em> simply means Angels; good or bad, they are still <i>sons of God</i>). These angels sinned by leaving Heaven, seducing and impregnating flesh women with their offspring (the giants) being abominable hybrids between Angels and flesh women, they were the giants: <em>(Gen 6: 1-6)</em>. These fallen angels are also in holding till judgment day, condemned to eternal death, but they are not named by specific names.</div>
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<strong><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">*</span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"> If you don't understand what the real sin was, in the garden of Eden then see the<br /> In-depth Bible Study: <a href="http://biblestudysite.com/realsin.htm" style="color: #1155cc;"><u>WHAT WAS THE REAL SIN IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN?!?</u></a>.<br /> You've probably been lied to since Sunday school that Adam and<br /> Eve were condemned to death for eating an apple.</span></div>
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Satan was also there in the Garden of Gethsemane, albeit not in the flesh, but his evil spirit was there, influencing those who betrayed and arrested Jesus. Since the time that Jesus rebuked satan, after the <em>attempted</em> tempting in the desert, and told satan to <span style="color: green;">"Get thee hence"</span> <em>(Mt 4:10),</em> satan is not allowed to roam the earth physically. However, satan is allowed by God to exercise his evil spirit among man. Satan will not be allowed to walk the earth again until that final 5 month period in the end times, fulfilling the role of the antichrist. It's just like this: Jesus isn't physically on earth now, but the Holy Spirit is; well satan is not physically on this earth either, but his evil spirit is. For every positive in God's Word, there is a negative.</div>
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Satan was also there when the Jewish high priest Caiaphas demanded Jesus' death <em>(Mt 26:57)</em>. And when the people yelled<em> <span style="color: green;">"Crucify him!, Crucify him!"</span>,</em> satan's evil spirit was behind the scenes, pulling the strings<em> (Mt 27:22+23)</em>. And finally, when satan through his evil influences accomplished Jesus Christ's crucifixion, he had sealed his own fate. When satan caused Jesus' death, it made palatable for God, who is so very fair, to cause satan's death - eternally. Satan is the only soul <i>by name</i>that at this time is condemned to eternal death by God, hence one of his names:<em> "son of perdition" (2nd Thes 2:3)</em>. Notice the singular form, for at this time there is only one. Many more will follow him but that doesn't happen until judgment day<em>(Rev 20:12-15)</em>.</div>
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So then, will antichrist who is none other that satan himself fulfilling his end-time roll, show up on earth in red clothing and breathing fire with horns on his head? He couldn't deceive anyone like that. No, he is much more subtle in his ways. In fact, when he was in the Garden of Eden in the role of the serpent he shows one of his tools that lead people away from God, He lies! Here in an account from the book of Genesis:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Gen 3:1-4</strong>1 Now the serpent was more subtle than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?<br />2 And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden:<br />3 But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.<br />4 And the serpent said unto the woman, <strong><u>Ye shall not surely die</u></strong>: (KJV)</span></div>
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The <span style="color: green;"><strong style="font-style: italic; font-weight: 400;">"Ye shall not surely die"</strong></span> in verse 4 above is the first lie in the Bible, and we have been dying ever since. And it was satan, as the serpent who uttered it. Hence one of satan's many names is <span style="color: green;"><em>"the father of lies"</em> </span>(Jn 8:44).</div>
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Satan will not appear on earth with horns and breathing fire. He is worldly wise and also a master scholar in Biblical scriptures. He knows the Bible from cover to cover. He will use scripture against Christians during his short reign as antichrist in the end times. That is why it is imperative that you study the scriptures whereby you can identify when satan or his false teachers misquote it to you in an attempt to deceive and beguile you.</div>
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Satan tried that before you know? In the book of Matthew, after Jesus was Baptized and had fasted for forty days, He was led to the desert where satan in the role of <i>"tempter"</i> took him to the top of a high place. Satan then in <em>(Matthew 4:6)</em>recited a scripture from the book of Psalms <em>(Ps 91:11-12)</em>.</div>
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Upon closer investigation, we discover one of satan's many tools of deception manifest itself. A tool of deception that he used on Jesus Christ himself, and one that you can be sure of, that he and his misguided false teachers will use on you, now and in the near future as satan's "one world political-religious system" solidifies, which <u>is</u> the first beast of <em>(Rev 13:1-10)</em>.</div>
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In the first scripture below, you see satan's words to Jesus, you will notice the three embolden words: "<span style="color: green;"><strong><u>at any time</u></strong></span>," which we have highlighted. These three words were added by satan to the verse of the Psalm <em>(Ps 91:11+12)</em> when satan quoted them to Jesus, and they completely change the meaning of the quoted scripture:</div>
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<strong>Satan's quotation of </strong><em><strong>(Ps 91:11+12)</strong></em><strong> to Jesus:</strong></div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Matt 4:6 </strong>6 And saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest </span><b><span style="color: red;">/</span></b><span style="color: green;"><strong><u>at any time</u></strong></span><b><span style="color: red;">/</span></b><span style="color: green;"> thou dash thy foot against a stone. (KJV)</span></div>
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<strong>True scripture of </strong><em><strong>(Ps 91:11+12)</strong></em><strong>:</strong></div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Ps 91:11-12</strong><br />11 For he shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways.<br />12 They shall bear thee up in their hands, lest </span><b><span style="color: red;">//</span></b><span style="color: green;"> thou dash thy foot against a stone. (KJV)</span></div>
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What the correct verses, as they appear in <em>(Ps 91:11+12)</em> mean is that you will be protected in times of trouble and unexpected danger. But by adding "<strong><u>at any time</u></strong>", satan changes the meaning to: You can flaunt the protection of God, and do anything perilous, anytime, and God will snap to attention, and save you. This was the first attempt by satan on Jesus' life since His ministry began! Satan was tempting Jesus to jump from the top of the temple to His death. Another ominous fact is that satan omitted quoting the 13<sup>th</sup> verse which speaks of his own demise at the end of the age, and is the fulfillment of the first great promise and prophecy in the Bible in <em>(Gen 3:15)</em>:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Ps 91:13</strong>13 Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet. (KJV)</span></div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Gen 3:14-15</strong>14 And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:<br />15 And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; <b><u>it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel</u></b>. (KJV)</span></div>
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Unfortunately, in most newer versions of the Bible, the revisers/translators omitted the three words "<strong><u>at any time</u></strong>" that satan had skewed the verses with. The above supplied scripture, and all the quoted scripture in this study are from the King James Version Bible. However, in newer revisions/translations, like the; <u>New</u> King James Version, New International Version, Living Bible, The Word, ... The three words added by satan, are omitted from the text, the reason being unknown, perhaps the revisers/translators assumed that it was a typographical error (and the corrupt <i>Septuagint</i> actually inserts the three words<i>"<strong style="font-weight: 400;">at any time</strong>"</i> into Psalm 91!). But it was not an error! In the Hebrew Manuscripts, the three English words "<strong><u>at any time</u></strong>" in the (KJV) are translated from one Greek word: Greek Word # 3379 "<em>mepote</em>" (may'-pot-eh). And the translation into English is as follows<strong>:</strong></div>
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<strong>Greek Word #3379</strong>: <em>mepote</em> (may'-pot-eh); or: <i>me pote</i> (<em>may pot'-eh</em>); derived from word # 3361 and word # 4218, and means: <strong>not ever, also if, (or lest), ever, (or perhaps), whether perhaps.</strong></div>
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(This is another of many reasons to stay with the trusted King James Version Bible. See our: <span style="text-transform: capitalize;"><a href="http://www.biblestudysite.com/adulter.htm" style="color: #1155cc;">Adulterations In The Newer Bible Versions (NIV, NASB...); Proof That The King James Bible (KJV) Is The True Word Of God</a></span>)</div>
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This gives us great insight as to what we can expect from satan when he returns in our generation, to deceive the world. Satan takes 95% truth and adds to it 5% lie, and with that formula he can manipulate anything, and <em>most</em> people - think about it. Satan is an enemy to be <i>respected</i>, no, not in reverence, but rather respect the genius and completeness of his power to deceive as he leads good God fearing Christians into that great apostasy of worshiping him, satan, in the role of antichrist, as though he were the True Christ. God allows him this power to fulfill the negative part of God's plan, but by the same token, God promises everlasting life to those that resist this evil and remain faithful until the end<em> (Mt 24:40-51)</em>.</div>
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In other words all the prophesies in the Bible will come to pass exactly as written, but your individual fate is not set. You have been given free will to chose between loving God or satan. And if you do not make a conscious choice to follow the Lord, then you have made an unconscious choice to follow satan and the ways of the world. There is not a third choice and there is not a "<em>no choice.</em>" You cannot refuse to participate, you are in this up to your neck whether you want it or not.</div>
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Friend, the entire Bible testifies to the undisputable fact that the first supernatural being that comes to earth claiming to be the Messiah is the antichrist, the false christ. Below in <em>(Lk 17:34-37)</em> Christ is telling His disciples about how it will be when He returns and how that many will be taken by the first one that comes (antichrist). You will notice that Jesus refers to the coming of the antichrist as "in that<strong> <u>night</u></strong>...". Whenever He speaks about the Second Advent, when He (Jesus) comes, He always refers to it as "in that <strong><u>day</u></strong>...". Whenever prophesies are made about God's followers it is given in <strong><u>days</u></strong>, whenever prophesies regarding satan or his followers are mentioned, it is always of the <strong><u>night</u></strong>:</div>
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<strong><span style="color: green;">Luke 17:34-37</span> </strong><em>(Christ speaking)</em><span style="color: green;">34 I tell you, in that night there shall be two men in one bed; the one shall be taken, and the other shall be left.<br />35 Two women shall be grinding together; the one shall be taken, and the other left.<br />36 Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left.<br />37 And they answered and said unto him, Where, Lord? And he said unto them, <b>Wheresoever the body is, thither will the <u>eagles</u> be gathered together</b>. (KJV)</span></div>
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In verse 37 above The word <span style="color: green;">"<strong style="font-weight: 400;">eagles</strong>"</span> should be understood as "vultures", and the word <span style="color: green;">"body"</span> should be "corpse" as it was translated in the parallel Scripture below:</div>
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<span style="color: green;">Matthew 24:26-28<br />26 Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not.<br />27 For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be.<br />28 <b>For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together</b>. KJV</span></div>
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The ones taken first by antichrist are (spiritually) taken to were the corpses and the vultures are. Jesus tells us how he blesses those that resist the false Christ, and await the True Christ's return (the True Second Advent):</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Matt 24:42-46</strong></span> <em>(Jesus speaking)</em><span style="color: green;">42 Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come.<br />43 But know this, that if the goodman of the house had known in what watch the thief would come, he would have watched, and would not have suffered his house to be broken up.<br />44 Therefore be ye also ready: for in such an hour as ye think not the Son of man cometh.<br />45 Who then is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath made ruler over his household, to give them meat in due season?<br />46 <strong>Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall find so doing.</strong> (KJV)</span></div>
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<i><span style="color: green;">"Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall find so doing,"</span></i> in other words, when the true Jesus returns, you should still be doing His work, not worshiping satan (antichrist). In other words, don't fall for the first, because Jesus wants you to wait for Him, and to stay in His Word until He returns. The first supernatural being who comes stating that he is the Messiah is the antichrist. Once again think about it, if you were satan, and your goal was to take as many of God's faithful followers down with you, what better way than to come as an imposter and trick them into following you? Satan already has the evil and the unbelieving ones, they don't mean anything to him, but he wants the Christians, and no Christian would worship him if he came as the devil.</div>
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It has been said, that 50% of Christian churches believe to some degree in a Rapture doctrine. They will worship the first supernatural being that appears claiming to be Jesus, stating that he has come to "<em>save</em>" them. As will also the heathen who do not now believe in Jesus Christ at all. When they see this supernatural entity, that will look like they think the Messiah would look, and will say what they think the Messiah should say, and who possesses powers that make lightning come down on command and to do other miracles, they will believe him to be exactly whom <u>he says he is</u> - and he says that he is the true Messiah, but he is not and does lie. In <em>(Rev 13:11-18)</em> below, the beast that is being spoken of is the second beast, it is the antichrist, Jesus gives us an account of the power of antichrist, and what he will be doing:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Rev 13:11-18</strong>11 And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had<strong> <u>two horns like a lamb</u></strong></span><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">*1</span></em><span style="color: green;">, and he<strong> <u>spake as a dragon</u></strong></span><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">*2</span></em><span style="color: green;">.</span></div>
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<strong>*<em>1</em> <span style="color: green;"><u>two horns like a lamb</u></span></strong> = Christ is the True Lamb (don't let the horns throw you off, Lambs have horns). <strong><br />*2</strong> <strong><u><span style="color: green;">spake as a dragon</span></u></strong> = He spoke like a dragon because he is the dragon. Satan is the dragon. You must understand that the book of Revelation is written from the aspect of the future looking backwards<em>. </em>See Rev 1:10. Below we see some of satan's many names, but he has even more:</div>
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<span style="color: green;"><strong>Rev 12:9</strong>9 And the <strong><u>great dragon</u></strong> was cast out, that <strong><u>old serpent</u></strong>, called <strong><u>the Devil</u></strong>, and <strong><u>Satan</u></strong>, which<u>deceiveth the whole world</u>: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. (KJV)</span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: green;">Rev 13:11-18 (Cont.)</span></strong><span style="color: green;">12 And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed.<br />13 And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men,<br />14 And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live.<br />15 And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed.<br />16 <strong>And he causeth <u>all</u></strong>, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond,<strong> to receive a mark <u>in</u> their right hand, or <u>in</u> their foreheads</strong>:<br />17 And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.<br />18 Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six. (KJV)</span></div>
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<br /> Found <a href="http://www.biblestudysite.com/anti.htm" style="color: #1155cc;">here</a>. </i><br />
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The Last Stoichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16145179955497944349noreply@blogger.com0